FREE AFRICAN AMERICANS
OF
MARYLAND AND DELAWARE
INTRODUCTION
This is the history of the free African American communities of Maryland and Delaware during the colonial period as told through their family histories.
During the colonial period in Maryland:
Most free African Americans descended from white women who had mixed-race children by African American men.
Fewer owned land than did their counterparts in Delaware, Virginia and North Carolina.
They had closer relations with the slave population than did their counterparts in Delaware, Virginia and North Carolina.
Although some claim Native American ancestry, the evidence indicates that most are direct descendants of mixed-race children of white women.
Some free African Americans migrated to Delaware and Virginia where there were more opportunities for land ownership.
Descendants of White Women in Maryland
There had been a number of marriages between white women and slaves by 1664 when Maryland passed a law which made them and their mixed-race children slaves for life, noting that
divers freeborne English women forgettfull of their free Condicon and to the disgrace of our Nation doe intermarry with Negro Slaves [Archives of Maryland, 1:533-34].
One such marriage took place in August 1681 between Nell Butler and "Negro Charles," the slave of Major William Boarman of St. Mary's County. The ceremony was conducted by a Catholic priest on the Boarman plantation. Lord Baltimore was said to have been present on the day of the marriage and to have warned Nell of the consequences.
About a month after the wedding Maryland passed a law which released white servant women and their mixed-race children from slavery if the marriage was permitted or encouraged by their master [Archives of Maryland, 7:203-5; Hodes, White Women, Black Men, 19-29].
In 1692 Maryland enacted a law which punished white women who had children by slaves by selling them as servants for seven years and binding their children to serve until the age of twenty-one if they were married to the slave, and till thirty-one if they were not married [Archives of Maryland, 13:546-49].
One hundred and sixty-four families in this history descend from such relationships. At least 256 white women were prosecuted in Maryland for this offense during the colonial period.(1) Some had a number of children, indicating long-standing relationships:
Mary Davis of Calvert County married a slave named Domingo about 1677 and had two children.
Molly Welsh of Baltimore County (grandmother of Benjamin Banneker) married a slave named Bankka and had four children in Baltimore County about 1710 to 1720.
Elizabeth Proctor of Charles County had two children between 1705 and 1709.
Martha Beddo of Charles County had three children between 1711 and 1735.
Elizabeth Norman had three children in Prince George's County between 1715 and 1722.
Margaret Madden had six children in Talbot County between 1725 and 1742.
Mary Wedge of Prince George's County had at least five children between 1727 and 1738.
In 1715 and 1728 the General Assembly made the mixed-race descendants of white women who had children by slaves subject to the same punishments as white women. They were sold as servants for seven-year terms, and their children were bound until the age of thirty-one. However, if they had a child by a free person, they were usually charged with fornication and received the same sentence as if both partners had been white: a fine or lashes, and their children were bound until the age of twenty-one (for boys) and sixteen (for girls) [Archives of Maryland, 30:289-90; 36:275-76; Laws of Maryland, 1715, chapter 44, section 25, cited by Wright, The Free Negro in Maryland, 27-8]..
Elizabeth Grimes, a mixed-race woman, had six children, four by a free person. In June 1721 the Prince George's County court ordered her sold for seven years and sold her child which she had by a slave for one thousand pounds of tobacco to serve until the age of thirty-one. But the court called her other child her "white" daughter when it bound her until the age of sixteen. Between 1727 and 1750 Priscilla Gray had four children, three bound until the age of thirty-one and one bound until the age of twenty-one. Catherine Graham had four children by slaves and was sold as a servant for twenty-eight years.
The origin of mixed-race families has survived in only a very few family oral histories, and the few that have survived appear to have been modified. The nineteenth-century biographer of Benjamin Banneker reported that Benjamin's grandmother (Mary Welsh) purchased two slaves and married one of them who was an African Prince [Bedini, The Life of Benjamin Banneker, 19].
In 1855 the Ridgeway family of Delaware was said to have descended from a white woman who purchased and later married a "very tall, shapely and muscular young fellow of dark ginger-bread color." The story was modified in the twentieth century to say that he was an African Prince [Fisher, The So-called Moors of Delaware].
Some in Virginia and North Carolina tell of a white woman running away with a slave and drinking a drop of blood from a small cut in his finger, so that she could honestly swear to the Justice of the Peace that she had "Negro" blood in her [Writers' Program, Works Projects Administration, Slave Narratives, Project Vol. XI, part 2, pp. 106-8].
Maryland Descendants of Manumitted Slaves
Slaves who were manumitted during the colonial period included a member of the Guy family who was free in Talbot County in 1690, a member of the Grinnage family who was free on Kent Island before 1698, William Barton who was free when he was baptized in Anne Arundel County in 1699, Henry Quander who was free and married to his wife Margaret in Charles County by August 1702, Mingo Savoy who was free in Anne Arundel County in 1705 and Robert Perle who was free in Prince George's County in 1720. Seventeen members of the Gibbs family were freed in Queen Anne's County in 1747.
Maryland Landowners
Free African Americans were drawn to Somerset County as early as 1666 when Anthony Johnson moved there from the Eastern Shore of Virginia and leased 300 acres in Wicomico Hundred for 200 years. Others from the Eastern Shore followed. The Driggers and George families were there by 1688. Devorax1 Driggers leased 300 acres in Bogerternorten Hundred in 1707, William Driggers owned 100 acres in Baltimore Hundred when he made his will in 1720, and Devorax2 Driggers purchased 75 acres there in 1731. Other Eastern Shore free African American families followed in the early eighteenth century: Francisco, Harman, Longo, and Malavery.
Thomas Davidson traced the development of the free African Americans who owned land in Somerset County, including Johnson, Driggers, Collick, Cambridge, Dutton, Game, Mungar and Puckham, but observed that it was not a large enough group to form a community [Davidson, Free Blacks on the Lower Eastern Shore of Maryland; "Free Blacks in Old Somerset County," Maryland Historical Magazine 71:155]. Most moved on to Delaware.
"Molatto" Robert Perle owned land in Prince George's County before 1735, partnered with whites in putting up security for the executors of estates, and was overseer of the highways in 1748. The Proctor family owned land in Charles County before 1762. Jonathan Curtis probably owned or leased land in St. Mary's or Charles County in 1746 when he had an account with William Hunter & Company of Spotsylvania County for over twenty-nine pounds Maryland currency. Thomas Thompson probably leased or owned land in Charles County in 1774 since he was called a "Mulatto Planter" when he provided security for his daughter's appearance in court. William Barton purchased 177 acres in Anne Arundel County in 1711, and Benjamin Banneker's father purchased 100 acres in Baltimore County in 1737.
The Gibbs family were left 444 acres in Queen Anne's County by the will of their master in 1747. Two members of the family remained in the county and still owned fifty acres each in 1783, but the others sold their land and moved to Delaware.
However, in most areas of Maryland free African Americans had little opportunity to own land.
The land of opportunity for free African Americans lay in some areas of Delaware, North Carolina, and the Virginia Southside which were anxious to attract settlers of any complexion.
Relations with Slave and White Communities
Free African American families in Maryland appear to have had closer relations with the slave population than did their counterparts in other colonies or states, particularly North Carolina and Delaware. Many early nineteenth-century certificates of freedom describe Maryland descendants as being dark-skinned.
Nathaniel Allen, great-grandson of a white woman, received a Prince George's County certificate of freedom on 11 September 1810 which described him as "a black man." Charles Allen's 23 June 1818 Prince George's County certificate described him as, "a Negro boy, tolerably black."
Some free families had relatives who were slaves. Margaret Ruston, a white woman, had a child by her master's slave in Charles County in 1691. Her child was probably Thomas Rustin who was free in 1750 when he petitioned the Charles County court to declare his wife Lucy levy-free for the future. But it appears that Margaret also had slave descendants, possibly Thomas' children by a slave.
Thomas Rustin, Jr., Robert Rustin, and George Rustin, slaves of William Neale of Charles County, were allowed by their master to keep horses as their own property. They were often in trouble with the authorities, perhaps because they "did not know their place."
A slave named Thomas Rustin was indicted by the Charles County court in November 1749 for taking someone's horse. The jury found him guilty, and the court ordered that he be hung. However, he apparently received a pardon because Thomas Rustin, the slave of William Neale, was given thirty-nine lashes seven years later in June 1756 for taking someone's hat. He was called "Thomas Rustain, Junior" in August 1756 when he was indicted for stealing a saddle and called "Molatto Thomas Rustain" in November 1756 when he was acquitted of the charge. In November 1757 he was charged with striking a white man [Court Record 1690-3, 334; 1693-4, 9; 1749-50, 724; 1750, 140; 1756-7, 2, 3, 117-8, 144, 201; 1757-8, 566; 1758-60, 177].
There were also slave and free members of the Dove family. John Dove was a "Mulatto" slave charged with felony in Charles County court in November 1727, and free members of the Dove family had moved to North Carolina by September 1749 when the Craven County court sent someone to Maryland to confirm that they were free [Charles County court Record 1727-31, 42; Haun, Craven County, Court Minutes IV:11-12, 366]. A member of the Dove family owned 75 acres in Craven County in 1775.
Perhaps the principal determinant of relations with slave versus white communities was land ownership. Most free African American families in North Carolina, for example, had at least one member of the family who owned land. Land ownership made for closer relations between free African Americans and whites, and less social relations with slaves.
Delaware
Free African American families from Somerset County moved north to Delaware where they formed the mixed-race communities of Sussex and Kent Counties. John Johnson, son of Anthony Johnson of Accomack County, patented 400 acres in Rehoboth Bay, Sussex County, Delaware, in 1677.
Aminadab Hanser of Accomack County, the son of a white woman and a slave, purchased 200 acres in Rehoboth Bay, Sussex County, in September 1685. Daniel Francisco (Sisco), son or grandson of John Francisco, a slave freed in Northampton County, Virginia, in 1647, lived in Somerset County between 1707 and 1713 and left an estate in Kent County, Delaware, in 1732.
Other families from the Eastern Shore of Virginia and Somerset County, Maryland, who settled in Delaware included: Bass, Beckett, Driggers, Game, Hodgskin, Jacobs, Magee, Morris, Perkins, Press, Puckham, Sammons, Scokem, Shaver, Sparksman, and Wright.
The Butcher family of Dorchester County, Maryland, was in Kent County, Delaware, by 1693. Settlers from other areas of Maryland included Fountain, Gibbs, Grinnage, Lacount, Norman, Parsons, Plummer, Poulson, Proctor, Roach, Saunders, Toogood, and Wansey.
Indians
After the Civil War, light-skinned African Americans who owned land in the Southeast did not fit into the new society where churches and schools were either white or former slave. Many could vote by the grandfather clause. They had developed a culture very similar to whites because they had gone to school and church with whites since the colonial period and had become part of the local white farming communities. Southeastern states solved this problem by calling these communities "Indians."
One such community in Charles and Prince George's Counties made up of members of the Proctor, Butler, Newman, Savoy, Swann, and Thompson families has been called "Piscataway Indians" or "Wesorts" [Gilberts, Surviving Indian Groups of the Eastern United States]. However, the court records of Charles and Prince George's County clearly identify their ancestors as being white women who had children by persons of African descent. Women convicted of "Mulatto bastardy" were sold as servants for seven years. Women convicted of having children by native Indians were prosecuted for the lesser offense of fornication and had to pay a fine or suffer corporal punishment.
In June 1721 Eliza Lester named an Indian called Sackelah as the father of her child and received a fine or corporal punishment from the Baltimore County court [Proceedings 1718-21, 498, 507].
In March 1732 Mary Ockeley was indicted by the Prince George's County court for "Malatto Bastardy," but she was punished for fornication when it was found that the child was "begot by an Indian" [Court Record 1730-2, 402].
In August 1736 Catherine Adams of Anne Arundel County was fined for having a child by an Indian [Judgment Record 1736-8, 22].
In November 1741 Dorothy Smith of Anne Arundel County received corporal punishment for having a child by an Indian [Judgment Record 1740-3, 328].
In November 1745 Catherine Parsons received ten lashes by the Talbot County court for having an illegitimate child by an Indian named William Asquash [Judgment Record 1745-6, 246-7]. (A William Asquash was one of the Choptank Indians who sold land in Dorchester County in 1727 [Land Records 1720-32, Liber old 8, 153]).
Likewise, there is little evidence of Native American ancestry in the "Indian" communities of Delaware, Virginia, and North Carolina. Their ancestry is traced on this site to slaves freed in the seventeenth century in Virginia or to the mixed-race children of white women.
Maryland families who had Indian ancestry included Press and Puckham. Both families married free African Americans.
Indian Indentured Servants
The indenture of Indians as servants was not common in Maryland. The Governor and his Council were not familiar with the practice on 18 July 1722 when they heard the case of Marcus Andrews who was charged with indenting an Indian boy named James in Somerset County and selling the indenture to someone in Philadelphia. Andrews explained that it was a "Customary thing in Ackamack in Virginia to indent with them for a Time or Term of years" and that he had indented with the boy in Virginia, not in Maryland [Archives of Maryland 25:390-1]. Other cases of Indian indentures which appear in the county courts include:
- James Boarman, an Indian servant indentured in Charles County in August 1691 [Court Record 1690-2, 237].
- Joan Kennedy, a two-year-old Indian servant bound until the age of twenty-one in Prince George's County in November 1718 [Judgment Record 1715-20, 719a].
The indenture of East Indian servants was more common:
- Michael Miller of Kent County, Maryland, purchased an unnamed East Indian from Captain James Mitchel "but for five years" on 28 June 1698 [Proceedings 1676-98, 911].
Thomas Mayhew was free from his indenture in Prince George's County [Judgment Record 1728-9, 413].
- Hayfield was free from his indenture in Prince George's County in March 1781 [Judgment Record 1777-82, 671, 712-3].
- John Williams was free from his indenture in Charles County in January 1706/7 [Court Record 1704-10, 272, 288].
- William Creek was free from his indenture in Anne Arundel County in March 1736/7 [Court Record 1736-8, 126].
- Juba was free from his indenture in Anne Arundel County in 1763 [Judgment Record 1760-2, 166].
East Indians apparently blended into the free African American population. Peter, an East Indian who was one of the ancestors of the Fisher family, had a child by a white woman named Mary Molloyd about 1680 and "became a free Molato after serving some time to Major Beale of St. Mary's County" [Anne Arundel County Judgment Record 1734-6, 83; 1743-4, 11].
Migration Between Maryland and Other colonies
A member of the Hubbard family, a descendant of a white woman who had a mixed-race child in Westmoreland County in 1705, married a sister of Benjamin Banneker in Baltimore County about 1760. Their children obtained certificates of freedom in Loudoun County, Virginia, in 1795. Families who originated in Maryland but were counted in the 1810 census for Virginia included: Bates, Chambers, Dawson, Day, Dutton, Easter, Fortune, Grace, Graham, Grimes, Grinnage, Lamb, Lett, Nelson, Nichols, Norman, Osborne, Pickett, Ridgeway, Strickland, Trout, Walker, Webster, and Welch.
Endnotes:
1. Families in this history who descend white women include: Allen, Anderson (two families), Annis, Atkins, Banks, Banneker, Bass, Bates, Beckett, Beddo, Bone, Boon, Boston, Brenning, Brown (two families), Bryan (two families), Buckwell, Buley, Burke, Butcher, Butler (two families), Cannon, Cambridge, Carney, Carr, Carty, Case, Chambers, Clark (two families), Collins, Conner, Cook, Cox, Cromwell, Cunningham, Davis, Dawson, Devan, Dobson, Dogan, Easter, English, Ennis, Evans, Farthing, Fisher, Flamer, Ford, Fortune, Fountain, Frost, Game, Gannon, Grace, Graham, Grayson, Grant, Graves, Green, Grimes, Guy, Hall, Hamilton, Hanser, Harris, Harrison, Hawkins, Hicks, Hill, Hilton, Holmes, Hopkins, Howard, Hughes, Jackson, Jones (four families), King, Knight, Lee (three families), McDaniel, McDonald, Madden, Magee, Mitchell, Morris, Mortis, Munt(s), Murray, Myers, Nelson, Newman, Nichols, Norman, Norris, Oliver (two families), Osborne, Parsons, Peck, Penny, Perkins, Phillips, Pickett, Plowman, Plummer, Poulson, Price, Proctor, Ray, Reardon, Redding/ Redden, Rhoads, Roach, Rogers, Rollins, Russell, Rustin, Sammons, Saunders, Savoy, Scott, Shaver, Shaw, Shepherd, Shorter, Skinner, Smith, Spearman, Spencer, Stanley, Stewart (two families), Strickland, Taylor, Thomas, Tills, Toogood, Turner (two families), Upton, Walker, Ward, Watson, Wedge, Welch, Wilkins, Wilkinson, Williams (two families), Willis, Wilson and Wise.
There were at least ninety-two other white women in colonial Maryland who had a total of one hundred and seven children by African Americans:
- Jane Acron in 1757 [Charles County Court Record 1757-8, 1].
- Jane Addison in 1710 [Charles County Court Record D-2:136, 196, 198].
- Mary Alvery in 1706 [Anne Arundel County Judgment Record 1705-6, 378; 1707-8, 568].
- Thomasin Amos in 1722 [Prince George's County Court Record 1720-2, 648, 653, 659, 661].
- Monica Baggot in 1749 [Charles County Court Record 1748-50, 351, 549, 726; 1750, 59].
- Ursula Banninger in 1768 [Prince George's County Court Record 1766-8, 574; 1768-70, 477].
- Ann Bellows 1734 [Anne Arundel County Judgment Record 1734-6, 3-4].
- Martha Bedworth in 1707 [Charles County Court Record 1704-10, 301].
- Elizabeth Blackbourne in 1705 [Somerset County Liber G-I:251.
- Susannah Boucher in 1759 [Baltimore County Criminal Record 1757-9, 187].
- Mary Bowsley in 1742 [Prince George's County Court Proceedings 1742-3, 112; 1743-4, 168].
- Elizabeth Brumejum in 1712 [Anne Arundel County Judgment Record 1712-5, 5].
- Margaret Caine in 1763 [Charles County Court Records 1762-4, 352, 475].
- Elizabeth Cannah in 1753 [Kent County, Maryland Criminal Proceedings 1748-60, 119].
- Ann Christian in 1713 [Somerset County Liber AC:74].
- Elizabeth Cobham in 1690/1 [Dorchester Court Proceedings in Land Records 4-1/2, pp.176, 157, 156].
- Hannah Coe in 1720 [Kent County, Delaware General Court Record 1718-22, 105].
- Elizabeth Coram in 1750 [Kent County, Maryland Criminal Proceedings 1748-60, 48-9].
- Mary Costos in 1743 [Baltimore County Proceedings 1743-6, 71, 88, 155, 163].
- Margaret Crass in 1746 and 1748 [Prince George's County Court Record 1743-6, 532; 1747-8, 331; 1748-9, 44].
- Grace Davison in 1756 [Prince George's County Court Record 1754-8, 218].
- Ann Dazey in 1718 [Queen Anne's County Judgment Record 1718-9, 5].
- Elizabeth Demsey in 1742 [Prince George's County Judicial Record 1742-3, Liber AA:1].
- Ann Dick in 1771 [Charles County Court Records 1770-2, 491; 1772-3, 9, 31].
- Sarah Donalson in 1757 [Somerset Judicial Records 1757-60, 3].
- Dorothy Dorson in 1736 [Anne Arundel County Judgment Record 1736-8, 18, 36].
- Ann Dunstan in 1746 and 1748 [Prince George's County Court Record 1746-7, 20; 1748-9, 47-8].
- Jane Duxberry in 1714 and 1720 [Prince George's County Court Record 1710-5, 605, 632; 1720-2, 17, 18].
- Sarah Dyamond/ Dimant in 1703 [Anne Arundel County Judgment Record 1703-5, 3, 323].
- Elizabeth Edelin before 1708 [Charles County Court Records B-2:433].
- Margaret Fenton in 1746 and 1748 [Anne Arundel County Court Record 1748-51, 65].
- the mother of Peter Fitzgerald about 1708 [Charles County Court Records P-2, 238].
- Eleanor Fitzgerald in 1735 [Charles County Court Records 1735-9, T-2:103-4, 108].
- Eleanor Fugate in 1734 [Charles County Court Records 1735-9, T-2:6].
- Sarah Garner in 1760 [Charles County Court Records 1759-60, 425; 1760-2, 99-100].
- Katherine Gear in 1715 [Kent County, Maryland Proceedings 1714-6, 84].
- Elizabeth Gibbeth in 1770 [Charles County Court Records 1770-2, 128, 254].
- Sarah Gloster in 1738 [Somerset County Judicial Record 1738-40, 13].
- Mary Gorman in 1707 [Talbot County Judgment Record 1706-8, 266-7].
- Isabella Guttery in 1762 and 1767 [Prince George's County Court Record 1761-3, 237; 1766-8, 229].
- Ann Hardy in 1746 [Anne Arundel County Judgment Record 1746-8, 293].
- Ann Haslewood in 1693 [Charles County Court Record 1693-4, 2, 116-7].
- Mary Heath in 1716 [Talbot County Court Judgment Record 1714-7, 147].
- Hannah Hockerty in 1770 [Prince George's County Court Record 1768-70, 654].
- Jane Hudleston in 1682 [Talbot County Court Judgments 1682-5, 22].
- Martha Hurd in 1739 [Anne Arundel County Judgment Record 1739-40, 11].
- Ann Hyde in 1753 [Prince George's County Court 1751-4, 496, 509].
- the mother of Jane, "Mollatto" servant of Thomas Crow, in 1739 [Kent County, Maryland Criminal Proceedings 1738-9, 226, 230].
- Margaret Jervice in 1713 [Somerset Judicial Records 1713-5, 70-1].
- Keturah Jones in 1757 and 1761 [Somerset County Judicial Records 1757-60, 76-7; 1760-3, 76a].
- Joanna Kashier in 1704 [Wright, Anne Arundel County Church Records, 155].
- Mary Kelly in 1719 and 1721 [Anne Arundel County Judgment Record 1717-9, 380; 1720-1, 411].
- Jane Knock in 1747 [Kent County, Maryland Criminal Proceedings 1742-7, 377].
- Sarah Knowlman in 1742 [Talbot County Judgment Record 1742, 171].
- Ann Ladley in 1732 [Talbot County Judgment Record 1731-3, 550].
- Catherine Lands in 1766 [Charles County Court Records 1764-6, 772].
- Margaret Lang in 1731 [Queen Anne's County Judgment Record 1730-2, 160-1].
- Catherine Langsdale in 1761 [Charles County Court Record 1760-2, 229, 275].
- Mary Lavender in 1717 [Kent County, Maryland Proceedings 1716-8, 247, 284-5].
- Elizabeth Logan in 1718 [Somerset County Judicial Records EF:17].
- Ann Logan in 1757 [Somerset County Judicial Records 1757-61, 41a].
- Elizabeth Love in 1755 [Charles County Court Record 1755-6, 127].
- Ann McFarthing in 1749 [Charles County Court Record 1748-50, 351, 539, 720].
- Margaret McPherson in 1767 [Charles County Court Records 1766-7, 262].
- Eleanor Mackett in 1723 [Prince George's County Court Record 1723-6, 12].
- Elizabeth Mane in 1716 [Talbot County Judgment Record 1714-7, 147].
- Amis Maney in 1747 [Prince George's County Court Record 1747-8, 258].
- Mary Milner in 1726 [Prince George's County Court Records 1726-7, 4, 10].
- the mother of Lewis Mingo about 1682 [Charles County Court Records E-2:307].
- Sarah Moals, alias Grimm, in 1753 [Anne Arundel County Judgment Record 1751-4, 510, 518].
- Elizabeth Moy in 1727 [Prince George's County Court Record 1727-8, 345-6].
- Jane Napier in 1721 [Charles County Court Records 1720-2, 127, 128-9].
- Jane Nuttle in 1741 [Talbot County Judgment Record 1740-1, 259, 272].
- Sarah Obryan in 1762 [Prince George's County Court Record 1761-3, 181].
- Ann Parrat in 1742 [Charles County Court Records 39:450].
- Sarah Phillmore in 1705 and 1717 [Prince George's County Court Record 1699-1705, 440; 1715-20, 185].
- Mary Plowman in 1704 [Kent County, Delaware Court Records 1703-1717, 5b, 50b].
- Sarah Porter in 1729 [Talbot County Judgment Record 1728-31, 126].
- Sarah Purrey in 1705 [Anne Arundel County Judgment Record 1705-6, 51, 116].
- Jane Repwith/ Rapworth in 1753 and 1763 [Charles County Court Record 1753-4, 149, 221; 1762-4, 351].
- Ann Reyny in 1719 and 1721 [Charles County Court Record 1717-20, 188, 311; 1720-2, 201].
- Christian Robison in 1735 [Charles County Court Record 1734-9, 45-6].
- Mary Rye in 1711 [Baltimore County Liber IS#B, 245].
- Susannah Scarlett in 1753, 1756, and 1758 (twins) [Charles County Court Record 1753-4, 149, 221; 1755-6, 302; 1756-57, 205; 1757-8, 566].
- Elizabeth Smith in 1718 [Somerset County Liber EF:170].
- Sarah Smith (mother of John Glover) in 1681 [Charles County Court Records A-2:182, 251].
- Margaret Strickland in 1722 [Charles County Court Records 1723-4, 4].
- Elizabeth Strutt in 1743 [Baltimore County Proceedings 1743-6, 20, 82].
- Grace Tacker in 1768 [Prince George's County Court Record 1766-8, 573, 581].
- Martha Tippett in 1732 [Kent County, Md. Criminal Proceedings 1728-34, 347-8].
- Elizabeth Vincent in 1686 [Talbot County Judgment Record 1686-9, 68, 173].
- Ann Wade in 1704 [Kent County, Delaware Court Records 1703-17, 5b].
- Dinah Wenham in 1714 [Baltimore County Liber IS#B, 505].
- Mary Winslow in 1707 & 1708 [Somerset County Judicial Record 1707-11, 94; 1713-15, AC:26].