Chapter 1

Arthur and Patience HAWLEY ALLEN

(Updated November 2004)

 

Arthur ALLEN was born in 1784, probably in Northampton Co., N.C. He is thought to have been born free, but this has not been documented. When he was nearly 30, he married on 14 Jan 1813, in Northampton Co., N.C., Patience HAWLEY. They lived for a time in Johnston Co., N.C., after their marriage, but due to the deteriorating conditions for free African Americans in North Carolina and new opportunities on the western frontier, the ALLENs packed their possessions in wagons and traveled west to Illinois in 1828.

 

The Ancestors of Arthur ALLEN of Illinois

One of the earliest black ALLENs of record was John ALLEN, who was listed as a "negro" in Edward MIFLIN's household in Ralph PIGOT's 1721 tax list of Northampton Co., Va. Also, in that county, from 1724 to 1731, Elizabeth ALLEN was listed as a "mulatto" tithable in William STAKES's household. Sarah ALLEN was listed in 1725 in Nathaniel ANDRESS's household. Sarah may be the same person as Sarah ALLEN, "Mullattoe," who was charged with bastardy in 1730, in Accomack Co., Va., which borders Northampton County. A connection of these individuals to Arthur ALLEN of Illinois has not been made.

It seems likely, however, that Joseph ALLEN, who was born about 1714, was related to Arthur ALLEN, although no proof has been found. A York Co., Va., court record of 15 Nov 1735, charges Joseph ALLEN for not listing his "molatto" wife for taxation. Joseph purchased 100 acres in Isle of Wight Co., Va., on the south side of Nottoway River and the east side of Whitewood Swamp on 21 Jan 1745. (This land is now in Southampton Co., Va., which was created in 1749.) Joseph died about 1750, as his estate was settled in Isle of Wight County on 5 Dec 1751. The account listed James ALLEN, Thomas TABOUR, Judy (ALLEN) TABOUR, and Mary (ALLEN) BOOTH. Mary BOOTH signed the account so it is assumed she was the administratrix of the estate and probably the widow of Joseph ALLEN. Judy ALLEN, probably the daughter of Joseph, married William TABORN and is believed to be the ancestor of the TABORNs who settled in Saline Co., Ill.

The Father of Arthur ALLEN of Illinois

Arthur ALLEN of Illinois was probably the son of John ALLEN or Arthur ALLEN of Northampton Co., N.C. Since his name has never been found recorded as Arthur ALLEN Jr., it seems more likely that he is the son of John ALLEN, who was born about 1760. John ALLEN may be the same person as John ALLEN, who was apprenticed to John MUIRHEAD, of Norfolk Co., Va., a shoemaker, but ran away on 10 Jun 1769, as reported in the 23 Nov 1769 Virginia Gazette. He may also be the same John ALLEN, "a free man of mixed blood," whose wife, Betty, and daughter, Mary, were officially freed by the North Carolina General Assembly in 1787 after he purchased them from their former master. John is on the 1790 census of Northampton Co., N.C., with 9 "other free." He died in or before 1799, the year his estate was probated in Northampton County. Arthur ALLEN (the elder), perhaps John's brother, was appointed administrator of John's estate and made a bond in the sum of œ250 on 3 Dec 1799, in Northampton Co., N.C., with Amos NEWSOM and Moses NEWSOM as securities. All three men made their mark on the bond, as apparently they were illiterate.

At the March 1800 court in Northampton County, Cordall BYNUM, Giles SUTER, Harwood FOISON and Hailey BROOM, were appointed to "allot & lay off one years support to Mary ALLEN Widow & relict of John ALLEN decd. (agreeably to Law) and make report to next court." Mary ALLEN, received a dower in June 1800 of one year's provisions paid in specie 17.18.4 (17 pounds, 18 shillings, and 4 pence).

At the December 1801 court in Northampton County, Thomas WILLIAMS, Anthony E. WILLAMS and William E. WILLIAMS were appointed to "audit, state & settle the acounts of Arthur ALLEN as Adm. of John ALLEN decd. & report to next court." One paper in the estate file is the account current, which shows where the administrator paid out and received the estate's money:

The Estate of John ALLEN Decd. In Act. Current with Arthur ALLEN Adm.

Dr.

1801 Oct 27 To paying Amos NEWSOMs note 4.13.2 1/4

1797 Feby 22 " paying Moses NEWSOM Jrn. ditto 4.0.0

1799 May 7 " " Jesse ALLEN's Notes 20.0.0

1799 May 4 Cash pd Jessee SMITH on Judgmt 1.17.1

1800 Aprl 3 " pd Doctr. BENBURY on Act. 1.0.0

1799 March 23 " pd John WHEELER on act. 0.10.0

1799 Novr. 23 " " Giles SUTER " do 0.3.4

1800 Augt. 30 " " Mark MURRELL " Judgmt. 4.19.2

1800 Aprl. 8 " " Mark MURRELL " Do 5.8.10 1/2

1799 Decm 27 " " Thomas WILLIAMS for Tax 0.7.0

1800 April 24 " " Benja. WADKINS on Judgmt 3.0.0

1800 March 30 " " Moses NEWSOM Senr. act. 0.8.4

1800 April 24 " " Mary ALLEN 17.18.4

Cash paid for administration 1.0.0

65.5.3 3/4

Cr.

1799 June 21 By Amount of Sale of Sd. Decd. 62.17.11

Ballance due 2.7.4 3/4

Agreeable to above Order we the subscribers have met and settled the Estate of John ALLEN dcd. agreeable to the papers brought forward before us and find a Balance due the Admr. of Two pounds seven shillings & 4 3/4.

Thos. WILLIAMS

Decmr. 5th 1801 William E. WILLIAMS

As late as 1810, the sheriff of Northampton County was commanded to take from the goods and chattels of John ALLEN's estate, 12.9.2, which Thomas FUTRELL, had recovered in a judgement against John ALLEN for the costs of a suit and for which John's administrator (Arthur ALLEN) was liable. The case was begun 10 May 1810, and witnesses were Jehu FUTRELL and John WADE.

John's widow, Mary ALLEN, and children, if there were any, may be enumerated on the 1810 census in the household of Elizabeth or "Betsey" ALLEN in Northampton County. Betsey was listed as a free person of color with five free persons in her household (page 60). She had one loom and 200 yards of cotton cloth, according to the 1810 census. There is also an Elizabeth ALLEN, a free woman of color, on the 1820 census in Northampton County (page 2). In her household were two females born 1794-1806 and one male born before 1775.

Arthur ALLEN (the elder) was born about 1750 and purchased on 24 Nov 1775, 171 acres in Northampton County, from Giles and Sarah COOK of Southampton County, for 45 pounds. The purchase of the same land by Arthur was also recorded on 26 Mar 1793, and in June 1793, he and his wife, Amy ALLEN, sold the land for 77 pounds to Nathaniel EDWARDS.

Arthur ALLEN is on the 1786 state census of Northampton Co., N.C., in Capt. DUPREE's district with his family, which consisted of two free African Americans age 12 to 50 and four free African Americans under 12 and over 50 (page 19). He is also on the 1810 census in Northampton County with 10 free persons of color in his household, one loom and 200 yards of cotton cloth.

Arthur's first known wife was Amy ALLEN, but when he died in 1815, his widow was Esther ALLEN.

Green ALLEN, who was born on 1 Feb 1807, married Angelina WADE on 14 Oct 1829, in Northampton Co., N.C., and moved to Cass Co., Mich., according to family oral tradition was a son of Emery Arthur and Esther WILLIAMS ALLEN. (Green ALLEN's family of five free persons of color was the only black ALLEN household in Northampton County in 1830.) Brothers and sisters of Green ALLEN are said to have been Jincy ALLEN (born 30 Jan 1801), Joseph ALLEN (born 28 Jan 1803, in Southampton Co., Va., died 20 Jul 1891, and married on 9 Sep 1824, in Northampton Co., N.C., Rebecca TABURN, and moved to Colombiana and Logan counties, Ohio, and then to Cass CO., Michigan), William ALLEN (who was born 25 Mar 1805), Bennett ALLEN born 20 Apr 1809, Sarah ALLEN born about 1811, Dicie ALLEN born about 1813, Frances "Fanny" ALLEN (who was born 15 Mar 1813 in North Carolina, and married on 8 December 1829, Felson NEWSOM), Emery ALLEN II born about 1815, Amie ALLEN born about 1817, Clara ALLEN born about 1819, Alta ALLEN born about 1821, and Lavina ALLEN born about 1823.

Other possible children or grandchildren of Arthur ALLEN or John ALLEN of Northampton Co., N.C., were:

1. Amy ALLEN, who sued Anthony WELLS on 7 June 1820, and John CHAVIS on 6 June 1822, for bastardy in Northampton County. Amy ALLEN is listed as "free colored person," born 1775-1794, and head of a household on the 1820 census of Northampton County with four males born 1794-1806 and one female born 1806-1820

2. Lavina ALLEN, who was a purchaser at the 1815 estate sale of Arthur ALLEN

3. John ALLEN, who married in Northampton County on 3 December 1827, Amey JENKINS

4. Wright ALLEN, who was head of a free household in 1820 in Northampton County. Living in the family was one male born before 1775, one male born 1794-1806, one female born 1775-1794, and four females born 1794-1806

On 5 Jun 1815, William HAWLEY was appointed administrator of the estate of Arthur ALLEN in Northampton County. He made a $2,000 bond on the same day with Winburn ODAM and Nathaniel NEWSOM as his securities. All the men signed their names to the bond, except ODAM, who made his mark. At the June term of court, Esther ALLEN, Arthur's widow, petitioned to have one year's provisions set apart for herself and family from Arthur's estate. Zaccheus MARTIN Esq., Hulon GRIZARD, James MUNGARS and John WOOD Sr. were appointed by the court to lay off, allot and set apart the provisions for her. On 16 Jun 1815, they allowed her 15 barrels of corn, 1,050 pounds of pork, and 50 pounds of lard.

In taking an inventory of the estate of Arthur ALLEN, William HAWLEY discovered $10.77 in cash among his belongings. He also made an inventory of the personal property belonging to the estate of Arthur ALLEN on 14 Jun 1815, and filed it with the court in September 1816, along with the estate sale. Esther ALLEN filed a suit against HAWLEY in the county court of pleas and quarter session, but the details of her complaint are unknown. She was successful and the cost of the case, "one pound 16/3" was ordered to be taken from "the goods of Arthur ALLEN decd. in the hands of William HAWLEY his administrator" on 1 Sep 1815. HAWLEY's inventory included the following:

5 weeding hoes 3 plow hoes 2 pair carting harness

1 grubbing hoe 1 plow brake 3 augers

5 axes 1 pair wedges 1 chizzel

1 gouge 1 drawnknife 1 hand saw

1 carpenters adze 1 cart and wheels 3 iron potts

1 Dutch oven 1 frying pan 1 iron pott rack

1 pair flat irons 1 gun 12 pewter plates

5 pewter basons 13 pewter spoons 5 earthen plates

2 pewter dishes 1 earthen dish 9 cups and saucers

1 shugar dish 2 milk pots 1 tea pott1 candlestick 1 pair candle motes 2 tin cups

1 tin funnel 2 butter potts 1 pither

3 jugs a parcel of pears a parcel of cotton

6 table forks and 2 knives 1 jug 6 sitting chairs

1 table 2 chests 4 feather beds and furniture

3 bedsteds a parcel of feathers 1 wooling wheel

1 flax wheel 4 pair chards 1 trowell

1 pair steelyards 1 pair spoon molds 2 grinblets (?)

2 iron pins 1 skillet 1 loom and gear

1 can 1 pail 1 tub

2 wash noggins 1 pair sheep shars 1 trumpet

1 flax hackle 1 tubb 1 case of rasors

1 trunk 1 pint bottle 1 side leather

1 saddle and bridle 4 head of horses 6 cider barrels

6 hogsheads, 1 flour stand, 2 runlets

1 butter churn 2 bread trays 2 belts

15 head cattle a parcel of corn 1 flat form & trough

1 salt seller (?) 23 head of hogs 1 pair money seales

1 half bushell 1 measuring tub 1 box 2 meal sifters 2 piggins 2 reap hooks

1 looking glass geese 2 carts

1 grind stone 1 pair traus (?) 12 gallons brandy

1 peck of beans

The personal belongings of Arthur ALLEN, except what was set aside for the widow and family, were sold at public auction for $428.72.

Account of sale of the property of Arthur ALLEN Decd

sold the 16th Day of June 1815 by William HAWLEY Adms.

 

3 augers to Arthur ALLEN .30

1 pair sheep shears to Starling HATHCOCK .32

1 chizzel and gouge to Arthur ALLEN .13

2 draw knives to Edmun THARP .27

2 reap hooks to Newsom ARTIS .26

1 hand saw to Arthur ALLEN 1.00

1 flax hackle to Thomas JENKS 1.13

1 carpenters adze to Deberries NAT .55

1 pot to Edmund THARP .76

1 pot to Easter ALLEN .27

1 pot and hook to Starling HATHCOCK .06 1/4

1 iron pot rack to Giles LUTER .75

1 frying pan to Easter ALLEN .39

1 bay horse to Frederick LONG 35.00

1 bay mare to Easter ALLEN 10.25 1 bay colt to Rheuben HATHCOCK 12.01

1 cow and calf to John EDWARDS 7.54

1 cow and calf to Pruda MORGAN 10.00

1 cow and calf to Arthur ALLEN 12.04

1 cow and calf to John WOOD Senr. 13.03

1 cow and calf to Easter ALLEN 10.61

1 cow and yearling to Anthony DEBERRY 10.04

2 heifers to King DEBERRY 9.01

1 steer to John EDWARDS 4.50

5 shoots first choice to John NEWSOM 8.87

5 shoots 2nd choice to Easter ALLEN 8.51

8 shoots the balance to Newsom ARTIS 10.17

1 sow 1st choice to Howell TANNER 3.51 1/4

1 sow 2d choice to Howell TANNER 3.13

1 sow 3d choice to Starling HATHCOCK 2.65

1 black horse to Jesse BUCKLE 21.51

1 heifer to John EDWARDS 4.51

2 barrells corn to Lloyd MONROE 8.62

2 barrells corn to Lloyd MONROE 8.98 1/2

2 barrells corn to Newsom ARTIS 9.001/2

2 barrells corn to Arthur ALLEN 9.08

2 barrels corn to Newsom ARTIS 9.001/2

2 barrels corn to Lloyd MONROE 9.80

balance of corn to Britton CUMBO 13.00

pair flat irons to Amy ALLEN 1.45

1 gun to William OLIVER 5.06 1/4

1 pair steelyards to Bardin JOYNER 2.30

1 trumpet and spoon molds to Drewry NELSON 3.51 1/2

1 trowel to Drewry PHILIPS .31 1/2

6 pewter plates to Arthur ALLEN 3.68

parcel of earthen ware to Easter ALLEN .52

1 candlestick to Arthur ALLEN 1.02

1 earthen dish to Jesse SMITH 1.12 1/2

1 tea pot to Elizabeth ALLEN .03

2 noggins to Easter ALLEN .34

2 basons and 1 dish to Easter ALLEN .91

7 plates and 7 spoons to Easter ALLEN 1.13

1 saddle and bridle to Howell TANNER .34 1/2

1 bason to Amy ALLEN .27

1 bason and dish to John NEWSOM .87

1 bason to Amos NEWSOM .94 1/2

8 spoons to William OLIVER 1.00

1 bason to John NEWSOM .94 1/2

1 bottle to Thomas JOYNER .13

1 jug to Elizabeth ALLEN 1.34

2 jugs to Easter ALLEN .31

1 jug to Josiah STEPHENSON .42

2 cups and cullender to William OLIVER .26

1 butter pot and pitcher to Easter ALLEN .13

1 butter pot to Amy ALLEN .50

1 pair cards to Easter ALLEN .50

1 table to Arthur ALLEN 2.01

1 Bible to Elizabeth ALLEN .75

3 chairs to Easter ALLEN .76

3 chairs to Thomas ALLEN .86

1 chest to Amy ALLEN 1.07

1 small chest to Lavina ALLEN .25

1 small trunk to Amy ALLEN .34

1 pair money seales to Newsom ARTIS .12

1 looking glass and rasors to Starling HATHCOCK .77

1 bed and bed sted to Amy ALLEN 5.13

1 bed and bed sted to Lavina ALLEN 6.01

1 bed and bed sted to Easter ALLEN 1.64

1 lone bed to Easter ALLEN 4.12

1 woolen wheel to Easter ALLEN .01

1 flour tub to Arthur ALLEN .12 1/2

1 flax wheel to Elizabeth ALLEN .14

1 skillet to Amy ALLEN .05

1 pair leather traus (?) to Amos NEWSOM .42

1 table to Amos NEWSOM .25

1 grind stone to Mathew JOHNSON 3.08

1 large gr___tetes to Henry CUMBO .13

1 bread tray to Easter ALLEN .16

1 bread tray to Semore NEWSOM .28 1 tin funnel and straine to Easter ALLEN .20

1 bell to Starling HATHCOCK .66 1/4 2 bells to Elisha LAWRENCE .11 2 sifters to Easter ALLEN .35 1 tub to Easter ALLEN .13 2 piggins to Easter ALLEN .25 1 churn to Howell TANNER .51 1 loom and gear to Arthur ALLEN 2.00 1 pine table to Easter ALLEN .12

1 Duch oven & two leads to Amy ALLEN .18

1 bushel of peas to Elizabeth ALLEN .45

1 bushel peas to Elizabeth ALLEN .51

1 bushel peas to Amos NEWSOM .49

1 bushel peas or residue to King WELLS .47

1 side leather to Arthur ALLEN .76

1 pair cards to Lavina ALLEN .04

1 pair cards to Matthew JOHNSON .34

1 pair cards to Easter ALLEN .31

1 pair cards to Lavina ALLEN .03

1 grait and gr___ (?) to Easter ALLEN .33

1 pair seales to Elizabeth ALLEN .01

parcel of tobacco by the lb to Amy ALLEN .04

1 pair compasses to Matthew JOHNSON .07

1 pocket book to Arthur ALLEN .01

1 case knives and forks to Easter ALLEN .41

2 open headed casks to Arthur ALLEN .25

1 top stack to Amos NEWSOM .17

balance of corn to Britton CUMBO 13.00

2 open headed casks to Thomas JOYNER Senr. .32

1 half bushell & fat stand to John NEWSOM .30

3 weeding hoes to Easter ALLEN .51

2 ditto to Easter ALLEN .55

1 plow hoe to David MITCHELL .56

1 plow hoe to Easter ALLEN .75

1 axe and hoe to David MITCHELL .50

1 trow to David .56

1 grubbing hoe to William HAWLEY .25 1 pair iron wedges to Thomas JOYNER Senr. 1.26

1 axe to David MITCHELL .51

1 axe to William HAWLEY .50

2 hogsheads to Amos NEWSOM 1.00

2 open headed casks to John NEWSOM .25

2 hogsheads to Amos NEWSOM .75 2 ditto to Amos NEWSOM .50 3 open headed casks to Elisha LAWRENCE .29 parcel of cotton by ___ 4 1/2 to Abraham JOYNER 1.00 1 side leather to John NEWSOM 1.15

1 do ditto to David MITCHELL 1.03

1 do ditto to Easter ALLEN .76 1 bridle to Easter ALLEN .30

1 1/4 bushels peas to Thomas JOYNER Junr. .65

1 rasp and gr__blet to David MITCHELL .15

5 barrels corn to William HAWLEY 12.70

5 barrels corn to William HAWLEY 12.90

short corn to Merrida NEWSOM 3.21

696 fodder to William HAWLEY 5.30

3 carts & 1 pair cart wheels to Arthur ALLEN 19.05

1 lot carting gear to Easter ALLEN .90

1 plow frame & gear to King DEBERRY .25

1 flat form and trough to Susanna MURRELL .32

2 iron pins to William HAWLEY .48

parcel of top fodder & shocks to Susanna MURRELL .30

part of top stock to Susanna MURRELL .20

12 gallons of brandy to William HAWLEY 13.08

1 barrel of cider to Henry CUMBO 2.25

1 bread hoe & meal bag to Easter ALLEN .12

1 g___ to John NEWSOM .16

1 canteen to David MITCHELL .27

1 keg to King DEBERRY .22

1 iron bodkin to David MITCHELL .06

l brandy barrel to Amos NEWSOM .25

1 peck of beans to William HAWLEY .25

Most of the purchasers at the sale of Arthur ALLEN in 1815 were free African Americans and can be identified from Paul HEINEGG's book, Free African Americans. Starling HATHCOCK is probably Sterling HAITHCOCK, who was born about 1792, the son of Reuben HEATHCOCK, and married on 24 Nov 1813, Charlotte NEWSOM, the daughter of Nathaniel NEWSOM. Sterling registered as a free man and moved to Logan Co., Ohio, after 1830. Reuben HAITHCOCK, thought to be a son of John HAITHCOCK, was born about 1768 and married on 10 Feb 1791, in Southampton Co., Va., Miriam ARTIS, thought to be a daughter of Abraham ARTIS. Newsom ARTIS was born about 1775, the son of George ARTIS of Northampton County, and was the head of a free household in in 1820 in Northampton County, which included four female slaves. Amos NEWSOM was born about 1760 and was probably a son of John and Martha NEWSOM of Southampton Co., Va. John WOOD was probably the son of Thomas WOOD and married on 13 Jan 1807, in Northampton Co., N.C., Nancy THOMAS, the daughter of Spencer THOMAS. Henry CUMBO was born about 1796, the son of Cannon and Tabitha NEWSOM CUMBO. Tabitha was the daughter of Moses NEWSOM. King WELLS is thought to be the son of Ann WELLS and the brother of Anthony WELLS, who was charged with bastardy by Amy ALLEN in 1820.

How Many Arthur ALLENs are there?

Searching for references to a free black man named Arthur ALLEN in census and county records in North Carolina may not seem like such a difficult task. After all, how many Arthur ALLENs could there be in colonial North Carolina. Six Arthur ALLENs, white and black, have been identified as residents of North Carolina in the eighteenth century and there were perhaps others. There was also an Arthur ALLEN living in Isle of Wight Co., Va., in the mid1600s. Arthur ALLEN remained a popular name in the ALLEN family for generations. During the Civil War, there were four Arthur ALLENs who served in the U.S. Colored Troops, in the 8th, 16th, 102nd and 110th regiments.

Arthur ALLEN of Southampton Co., Va.----Paul HEINEGG's book, Free African Americans, speculates that John and Arthur ALLEN (the elder) were brothers and the sons of Sarah ALLEN, who was born about 1733. Sarah was a resident of Southampton Co., Va., on 9 August 1750, when her son, Arthur ALLEN, was bound as an apprentice. (Southampton Co., Va., borders Northampton Co., N.C., to the north.) The apprenticeship does not mention Arthur's race or age. It is not likely that the Arthur ALLEN bound in 1750 is the same person as Arthur ALLEN who died in Northampton Co., N.C., in 1815. In 1691, the Virginia Assembly passed legislation which required illegitimate interracial children to be bound for 30 years. Some speculation exists that Sarah was a white woman who had two sons by an African slave, but there is no evidence to verify this. HEINEGG researched over 200 free black families of colonial Virginia and North Carolina and purports that almost entirely they were descendants of indentured white women and were not, as is often assumed, the offspring of white masters and female African slaves. Nor, he claims, were the majority of them former slaves who had been set free by their masters. This may indeed apply to Arthur and John ALLEN, but there is no reliable documentation that they were children of Sarah ALLEN, a white woman from Southampton Co., Va.

There is an Arthur ALLEN on the 1782 tax list of Southampton Co., Va., as a white poll with four slaves. He is also on the 1787 tax list in the same county in Hartwell COCKE's District with two slaves above age 16, and three slaves under 16, four horses and five cattle. Since there is obviously more than one Arthur ALLEN living in the region, it seems more likely that the white Arthur ALLEN living in Southampon Co., Va., in the 1780s was the one bound by his mother, Sarah, in 1750 in Southampton County. Arthur ALLEN of Northampton Co., N.C., was only an infant in 1750 and it is doubtful he would have been bound as an apprentice at that age. There may, however, be a family relationship to the ALLENs of Northampton Co., N.C., and the ALLENs of Southampton Co., Va.

Arthur ALLEN of Edgecomb and Nash Co., N.C.-----Another Arthur ALLEN, white, lived in Edgecomb Co., N.C., on 17 Feb 1761, when he received a 280-acre land grant on the north side of Sapony Creek, adjoining Benjamin FLOWERS, the Tar River, Thomas KERSEY, John BAKER and William EASON (Deed Book 2 page 41). On 25 Oct 1782, he received from the State of North Carolina, 700 acres on Sapony Creek adjoining David PRIDGEN, William EASON, JACKSON, and BRANTLEY (Deed Book 3 page 33). Arthur lived in Elizabeth Parish, Nash Co., N.C., (Nash County was created from Edgecomb County in 1777) when he made his will on 14 Dec 1784 (Will Book 1 page 40). Witnesses were David PRIDGEN, Butler WHITLEY and Nancy BAKER. He gave his son, Thomas ALLEN, 400 acres whereon Thomas lived and a 3-acre orchard. He gave his son, Arthur ALLEN (Jr.), all the land "whereon I live" below the mouth of Fall Branch adjoining Thomas. He gave his daughter, Ease (or Easery) ALLEN, 180 acres bought of John HARWOOD on the east side of Marsh Branch. He gave his daughter, Rhodea ALLEN, 150 acres adjoining Thomas. He gave his daughter, Elizabeth ALLEN, 150 acres adjoining Rhoda. His will also mentions a daughter Sarah ALLEN. When the estate was divided in May 1787, all the children from the will were mentioned, as were two others: Ann ALLEN and Honour JOYNER (Deed Book 14 page 30). The account current for May 1787, included a bill from Drewry PRIDGEN for "schooling children of Arthur ALLEN," being Sarah and Betsy (Elizabeth).

Thomas ALLEN sold his land inheritance to his brother Arthur ALLEN on 4 Feb 1788 (Deed Book 1 page 407). He also sold 400 acres on the south side of Sapony Creek to Drewry PRIDGEN on 29 Jan 1794, for 45 pounds Virginia money (Deed Book 4 page 246). Rhoda ALLEN married Willis WHITFIELD and they sold her 150-acre inheritance on 5 Jan 1790, to David PRIDGEN for 30 pounds (Deed Book 4 page 32). Elizabeth ALLEN also sold her 150-acre inheritance to David PRIDGEN on 6 May 1792 (Deed Book 4 page 136). Arthur ALLEN (Jr.) sold his 275 acres on the north side of Tar River and Sapony Creek to Burrel JOINER on 5 Feb 1793, for 135 pounds Virginia money (Deed Book 4 page 191).

Thomas ALLEN is on the 1790 census of Halifax District, Nash Co., N.C. Also living in his household were three white males under age 16 and three white females. Living alone, near Thomas was his brother, Arthur ALLEN. Neither Arthur nor Thomas owned slaves. Both Arthur and Thomas had moved to Darlington Co., S.C., by the 1800 census (pp 123-124). Arthur ALLEN is also on the 1810 census of Darlington County (p 19). Thomas ALLEN is thought to have moved to Covington Co., Miss., by 1820 and also listed there, perhaps a son of Thomas, was Arthur ALLEN, age 16-26. Arthur ALLEN (probably the son of Thomas) is also on the 1830 census of Lawrence Co., Miss., age 40-60. Arthur (Jr.) was not located on the 1820 census, but appears on the 1830 census of Wayne Co., Miss., as one white male, age 40-60, living alone. Wayne Co., Miss., once bordered Covington Co., Miss., to its west and the state of Alabama to its east.

Arthur ALLEN of Wayne Co., Miss.-----Arthur ALLEN (Jr.) was born in 1763 in Nash Co., N.C., and served in the American Revolutionary War while a resident of Nash County. He claimed he served under Col. Jonas JOHNSON, Capt. Edward HALL, and Gen. LINCOLN, during his first tour of duty and was drafted in the month of April, year not recollected, for a second tour of duty, which lasted until July. He fought in the Battle of Stono in South Carolina and the Battle of Guilford Courthouse in North Carolina. After the war he lived in Nash Co., N.C., in South Carolina, Georgia, and was living in Wayne Co., Mississippi, when he filed for a pension on 17 July 1837. His pension claim (No. 103) was rejected.

The ALLENs of Nash County were always recorded as white on the census. Living in Nash County in 1820, however, is John ALLEN, free colored person (p 441). John, a free person of color, is also on the 1830 census (p 190) of Nash County (3201-11011), as is William ALLEN (1101-1301), and Allen TABOURN (1101-201). Married in Nash Co., N.C., were: William ALLEN and Elizabeth BOOTH, 12 Dec 1804; Richerson ALLEN and Lydia BOOTH, 7 Feb 1834; Richardson ALLEN and Ginsey TAYBOURN, 1 Jan 1836; Richardson ALLEN and Bitha REED, 2 Feb 1841; Hinesberry ALLEN and Jane TAYBORN, 30 Nov 1860; Hinesberry ALLEN and Martha Ann WILKINS, 20 Dec 1862; and Gransberry T. ALLEN and Martha Ann FINCH, 11 Feb 1861.

Arthur ALLEN of Chowan Co., N.C.-------Another Arthur ALLEN, who probably was a white man, was born in the 1720s and was bound by the court of Chowan Co., N.C., in October 1737, to Laws PREDY until he reached the age of 21. Arthur was to be taught to read, write and cipher and the art and mystery of a barber and periwig maker. In July 1748 the sale of a lot in Williamsburg from Arthur ALLEN to George GILMORE Esq. was proved in court. Arthur ALLEN married in Chowan Co., N.C., on 20 Oct 1750, Mrs. Jemima REED. He also appears on a 1753 tax list in Chowan County. His will in Chowan County in 1764 names his heirs: Sarah, Jemima, Elbertson, Lynch, Charles, Rumbough and Ann.

Arthur ALLEN of Isle of Wight Co., Va.-------was a white man born in 1608 in England and died in 1670 in Isle of Wight Co., Va. He married in 1635 in Isle of Wight Co., Va., Alice TUCKER, the daughter of John TUCKER. The children of Arthur ALLEN were: Arthur ALLEN Jr., who died in 1710 in Isle of Wight Co., Va., and married Katherine BAKER; Elizabeth ALLEN, who married Capt. Robert CAULFIELD and Joseph John JACKMAN; Joan ALLEN, who married Dr. Robert WILLIAMSON, Robert BURNETT and Reuben PROCTOR; Katherine ALLEN, who was born in 1645 in James City Co., Va., died in 1693 in Isle of Wight Co., Va., and married in 1662 Robert JOHNSON; Humphrey ALLEN, who died in 1666 in Isle of Wight Co., Va.; and Mary ALLEN, who married Capt. Arthur LONG. (This is the family of Jean COBB--jeanwc@worldnet.att.net--who supplied the information on the family.)

The relationship of Arthur ALLEN of Edgecomb Co., N.C., Arthur ALLEN of Nash Co., N.C. and Wayne Co., Miss., Arthur ALLEN of Southampton Co., Va., Arthur ALLEN of Chowan Co., N.C., Arthur ALLEN of Northampton Co., N.C., Arthur ALLEN of Isle of Wight Co., Va., and Arthur ALLEN of Johnston Co., N.C., and Union Co., Ill., if any, is unknown. All that the men are known to have in common is that they share the same name, Arthur ALLEN.

The Ancestors of Patience HAWLEY ALLEN of Illinois

The parents of Patience HAWLEY ALLEN, who was born about 1787 in North Carolina, are not known. She is probably descended from Micajah (also found as Mikell or Michael) HAWLEY, who made his will in Northampton County on 1 March 1752, giving his sons, Joseph, William and Christopher HAWLEY, one shilling each, and his son, Benjamin HAWLEY, most of the rest of his estate, which included four slaves. Micajah HAWLEY's daughters were Ann, Elizabeth and Mary and his grandson (son of Ann) was William MITCHELL (born about 1746).

Benjamin HAWLEY, the son of Micajah, was born about 1735 and was a tax payer in Northampton County in 1762. He is on the 1790 census there as a free African American with three in his household (page 75). Benjamin made his will in Northampton County on 7 Jul 1797, and it was proved in court in March 1805, naming his two children, William HAWLEY (the administrator of the estate of the Arthur ALLEN, who died in Northampton Co., N.C., in 1815) and Eady NEWSOM. Eady was the wife of Nathaniel NEWSOM, who died in Northampton County in 1835 and was the son of Moses NEWSOM. William HAWLEY is the only person with that surname on the 1810 and 1820 censuses of Northampton Co., N.C. (page 20). In 1810, there were 10 free persons of color in his household.

Benjamin HAWLEY (born about 1735) was the brother of William HAWLEY (born about 1728). HEINEGG speculates that William HAWLEY was married to the daughter of John SCOTT. SCOTT, "a freeborn negro" lived in Berkley Co., S.C., and filed a complaint in March 1754 in Orange Co., N.C., that Joseph DEWIT, William DEWIT, and Zachariah MARTIN, entered by force the house of his daughter, Amy HAWLEY, and carried off by force her and her six children. SCOTT thought they intended to take them north to sell as slaves. The affidavit was made 17 Jan 1754, and registered in Anson Co., N.C., 20 Feb 1754, and in Orange Co., N.C., on 8 Mar 1754. The court in Orange Co., N.C., determined that the mulatto boy called Busby, alias John SCOTT, who was in the custody of William JOHNSON, was the reputed son of Amy HAWLEY, on the oath of John WADE. WADE entered himself security that Thomas CHAVIS would return and deliver Busby to his home.

William HAWLEY (son of Benjamin) was born in the late 1770s and died in 1830. Silas EDWARDS was appointed administrator of his estate. EDWARDS made a $500 bond on 1 Mar 1830, with William GAY and Britton JOHNSON as securities. On 8 Mar 1830, the Northampton County Court ordered Zacheus MARTIN, Enos FUTRELL, Elliott FUTRELL, and James MARTIN to "allot and set apart unto Tabitha HAWLEY one year's provisions for the support of herself and family out of the stock, crop and provisions of her deceased husband." The men met on 19 Mar 1830, and alotted to Tabitha HAWLEY, 17 and a half barrels of corn, 1,000 weight of bacon, 7 gallons of molasses, 4 pounds of coffee,1 feather bed, and 1 wheel and cards.

One of his first duties as the administrator was to make a list of individuals who owed the William HAWLEY estate money. On that inventory, which was made 20 Mar 1830, were the following names: Aichor EVANS, Charlott RICKS, Littleberry FUTRELL, Israel MARTAIN, Elisha JOHNSON, Charles JINKING, Exum OUTLAND, John WOODARD, John FLY, Britton JOHNSON, John SAMBERSON, James W. HEDGEPETH, Cullen FUTRELL, John MARTAIN, David RAMSEY, William OUTLAND, Whitfield CROSS, John H. ASKEW, Benja. BOLTON, Watson ARTIS, Kinchen ODOM, William MADDREY, Everett OLOVER, Martha MARTAIN, Joab OUTLAND, James OLOVER, Isom ODOM, Morris BAUM, Jesse SMITH, John NELSON, Cordall WALE, Lewis FUTRELL, John FUTRELL, John HALL, William FUTRELL, George MANDLEY, William UNDERWOOD, Baby WALL, Joel PIERCE, Eli TALLER, William BOWERS, Matthew MARTAIN, Nathan BLANCHARD, John BAGGET, John ALLEN, Kinchen BRIDGERS, Israel JOHNSON, Elias JOHNSON, Etheld. BRIGERS, William BRIDGERS, Robert JOHNSON, Amos NEWSOM, William NELSON, James TALLOW, Jason TAYLOR, Thomas FUTRELL, Henry J. JOYNER, Joseph SIKES, Samuel NELSON, William RICKS, Eaton FUTRELL, Samuel NELSON, John OUTLAND, Jordan BEAL, Jason JACOBS, Abram WALL, William OLIVER, Hosea FUTRELL, Josiah OUTLAND, John H. ASKEW, Benford BRIDGERS, Benja. MITCHELL, Thomas OUTLAND, Charles B. JENKINGS, Wilie FUTRELL, and Abigail JASSILES.

A just and true account of sale of the property of William HAWLEY decd.

sold March the 19th 1830

2 plows hoes John WOODARD $1.00

2 Adzs Wilie MADDREY .84

2 Plains William HAWLEY .91

2 Do. Zaccheus MARTAIN 1.10

4 Do. William HAWLEY .56

3 Squares & 2 Augurs Do. Do. .31

1 Hand saw William RICKS 1.41

1 Do. Do. Do. Do. .15

1 Collar 2 pr. of Haims William HAWLEY .45

1 Hatchett Elias JOHNSON .45

1 cart saddle Parson SIKES .25

1 Funnell Jesse SIKES .03

1 Do. Elisha JOHNSON .05

1 Saddle & Bridle William HAWLEY 3.85

1 set of Black smiths tools Do. Do. 29.25

1 Barrell of vinegar Elisha JOHNSON .71

7 cyder cask Wilie MADDREY 3.10

1 Do. Elisha JOHNSON .75

1 Barrell & some pees John WADE .39

1 Do. Do. Do. Do. .32

1 Do. Do. William NELSON .21

a parcel of cotten seed Wm. HAWLEY .04

1 pr. of cart wheels Wm. RICKS 1.02

1 cyder press Dawsey SUMNER 1.60

1 stack of fodder John WADE 3.00

1 weeding hoe Jesse MARTAIN .25

1 Ax William HAWLEY .38

1 Do. Israel JOHNSON .37 1/2

2 Baskets William OLIVER .08

1 Puter Dish John F. JOHNSON .55

1 Do. Do. Do. Do. .75

6 Puter spoons William RICKS .33

1 pr. of candle moles Molly FULLER .18

1 Tea pot Grean ALLEN .06 1/4

1 spice morter William RICKS .53

1 milk straner Anthony DEBERRY .06 1/4

1 puter bason Tabitha HAWLEY .25

1 Do. Do. Polley HAWLEY .40

6 Plates Tabitha HAWLEY .25

pr. of stilyards William HAWLEY .90

1 Table Tabitha HAWLEY .06 1/4

1 Quart Pot Parson SIKES .20

1 Bread Trey Tabitha HAWLEY .06 1/4

1 Do. Do. Do. Do. .08

1 Half Bushell Do. Do. .07

1 Tub Do. Do. .05

1 Gal. pot Jug and Funnel Elias POPE .28

1 Flax wheel Kinchen BRIGERS 1.06

1 wooling Do. Tabitha HAWLEY .66

1 pitcher & cup Dicey HAWLEY .21

cups & saucers Polley HAWLEY .05

1 Brass skillet William RICKS 1.00

1 pot & hooks Tabitha HAWLEY .81

1 Do. Do. Do. Do. .38

1 tea kettle Miles BOON .15

1 skillet Tabitha HAWLEY .06 1/4

1 Br__ hoe & shuvele Aaron BLANCHARD .86

1 pann Elisha JOHNSON .89

1 Flesh fork Elias JOHNSON .21

1 puter plate Do. Do. .11

1 pot William RICKS .80

1 Dutch oven Elias JOHNSON .85

3 chairs Tabitha HAWLEY .07

1 Lanton Elot FUTRELL .05

1 iron pot rack Hosea FUTRELL 1.50

1 mealstone Tabitha HAWLEY .03

1 mealfifter Do. Do. .06 1/41 Loom Dicey HAWLEY 2.01

1 pr. of worping Bars & Boxes Do. Do. .06 1/4

1 slay Elias JOHNSON .37

1 piggan Tabitha HAWLEY .14

1 Lot of sundries Tabitha HAWLEY .13

1 barrell of cotton Do. Do. .05

2 barrels &c. Do. Do. .05

1 Bee gum William HAWLEY .05

1 pr of winding blades Tabitha HAWLEY .01

1 kettle Do. Do. .04

1 Fat gord Dicey HAWLEY .11

1 lot of old sundries William HAWLEY .15

1 Bottle Do. Do. .08 1/2

1 Churn Anthony DEBERRY .26

1 coffee pot Jonathon MARTAIN .02

2 tubs Tabitha HAWLEY .01

2 pails Polley HAWLEY .15

1 chest Dicey HAWLEY .33

1 slay Polley JOHNSON .14

1 still pitcher Jonathon MARTAIN .26

1 jug Tabitha HAWLEY .29

1 Bed & Furniture Grean ALLEN 6.00

1 Do. Do. John WOODARD 6.20

1 spinning wheel Dicey HAWLEY .76

1 meatstand Kinchen BRIDGERS .40

1 pr. of Flat Irons Tabitha HAWLEY .11

1 Lot of Books William HAWLEY .04

2 Barrels of Corn $1.28 pr B. Whitfield CROSS 2.56

2 Do. @ $1.42 pr. Barl. Miles BOON 2.84

the residue if any $1.50 1/3 pr. B. Do. Do. 2.40

1 pen of shucks John WADE .07

1 Lot of fodder William NELSON Jur. 4.00

tack of top foder William HAWLEY .57

$92.47 3/4

A true account of sale of the property of William HAWLEY decd.

sold on a credit of six months August the 26th 1830

5 gees To Dicey HAWLEY .60

4 Do. To Do. Do. .30

1 sow & five pigs To Tabitha HAWLEY 2.26

5 Large pigs To William HAWLEY 2.05

William HAWLEY right in 5 sheep To Israel JOHNSON .37 1/2

Do. Do. 3 sheep To Tabitha HAWLEY .08

Do . Do. 5 Do. To William HAWLEY .38

Do. in 1 chest To Tabitha HAWLEY .26

Do. in 1 Table To Do. Do. .03

Do. in 6 chairs To Do. Do. .27

Do. in 1 bed To Do. Do. 3.31

Do. in 1 Do. To Lemuel VAUGHAN 4.00

Do. in 1 Table To William HAWLEY .27 1/2

1 Case To Polley HAWLEY .01

$14.20

Tabitha HAWLEY, the widow of William, is in the 1840 census in Northampton County as the head of the household. She was born 1785-1804, and with her was one female born 1830-1840. The 1850 census of Northampton County states Tabitha HAWLEY was born about 1780 in North Carolina. She was living with the family of Allen HAWLEY (household 165). Allen is probably a son of William and Tabitha HAWLEY and was a farmer, born about 1813 in North Carolina. Living with him was Dicey HAWLEY, who was born about 1810, and Lavina HAWLEY, who was born about 1812. Probably another son of William and Tabitha HAWLEY was William B. HAWLEY, who is the only other HAWLEY household on the 1850 census of Northampton County (household 179). William B. was a blacksmith, and was born about 1805 in North Carolina. Living with him was Setha HAWLEY, born about 1818, Margaret HUNT born about 1815, Sarah HUNT born about 1848, and Jeffreys HUNT born about 1837. William B. HAWLEY heads the only HAWLEY household on the 1860 census of Northampton County. Living with him was Margaret HAWLEY, who was born about 1810, and Sarah HAWLEY, who was born about 1848, probably the samer persons with him in 1850 as Margaret and Sarah HUNT.

The household next to Arthur and Patience ALLEN on the 1820 census of Johnston Co., N.C., is that of Dicey HAWLEY (page 24). She was listed as a white female over age 45. Living with her was another white woman age 26-45. It seems likely that there is a family relationship between Dicey and Patience, but this has not been documented. Dicey first appears on the tax lists there beginning in 1810 and continuing through 1820. (Tax records after 1820 were not examined.) She was taxed for her land, which ranged during these years from 454 to 467 acres. The only other HAWLEY in the county at the time was Benjamin HAWLEY. He is also on the 1820 census of Johnston County as a white male age 26-45 with a family (page 18).

Arthur and Patience HAWLEY ALLEN in North Carolina

In 1816, Arthur and Patience ALLEN moved from Northampton County to Johnston Co., N.C. (This was the year after the elder Arthur ALLEN died in Northampton County.) There they were reported on the 1820 census (page 24) as free persons of color and were tax payers from 1817 to 1820. In 1817 and 1818, in Capt. John GERRALD's District, Arthur paid a poll tax as a white poll, but in 1819 and 1820, in Capt. Jesse GRICE's District, he was taxed as a free poll. During this time he owned no land. (Tax records after 1820 have not been examined.)

In 1826, North Carolina began to pass a series of laws known collectively as the Free Negro Code. Free African Americans lost their voting rights, schools became segregated by law, and free African Americans had to obtain a special license to carry a gun. Patience and Arthur ALLEN left North Carolina three years before Nat TURNER's slave insurrection in August 1831, in neighboring Southampton County, Va., further escalated the troubles faced by free African Americans in North Carolina and Virginia. Before the slave rebellion was put down, 57 whites and over 100 blacks died in one of the first American struggles to free the slaves. Some of the 53 African Americans brought before the court of Southampton County for the rebellion may have been acquaintances of Arthur and Patience. Most were slaves, but among the free men indicted were Arnold ARTIST, Thomas HAITHCOCK, Exum ARTES, Bury NEWSOME and Isham TURNER.

There is only fragmentary documentation about Arthur and Patience's life in North Carolina. It may have been typical of other free African Americans, such as Thomas HEDGEBETH, who was born about 1811 and grew up in neighboring Halifax Co., N.C. In 1856, he was interviewed by Benjamin DREW for his book, The Refugee: Or the Narratives of Fugitive Slaves in Canada. HEDGEBETH said,

A free man born in North Carolina is as much oppressed, in one sense, as the slave: I was not allowed to go to school. I recollect when I was a boy, a colored man came from Ohio and opened a school, but it was broken up. I was in the field ploughing with my father,---he said he wished we could go and learn. I think it an outrageous sin and shame, that a free colored man could not be taught. My ignorance has a very injurious effect of my prospects and success. I blame the State of North Carolina and the people of that State---for it....I have often been insulted, abused, and imposed upon, and have had advantage taken of me by the whites in North Carolina, and could not help myself....When I was twenty-one, I went to vote, supposing it would be allowed. The 'Squire who held the box objected, and said no colored man was allowed to vote. I felt very badly about it, ---I felt cheap, and I felt vexed: but I knew better than to make an answer,---I would have been knocked down certain. Unless I took off my hat, and made a bow to a white man, when I met him, he would rip out an oath,--'damn you, you mullato, ain't you got no politeness? Don't you know enough to take off your hat to a white man?'

HEDGEBETH moved to Indiana about 1846, where he found,

...the white people did not seem so hostile altogether, nor want the colored people to knuckle quite so low. There were more white people who were friendly than in North Carolina. There were more who wished colored people to have their rights than in North Carolina,---I mean there were abolitionists in Indiana.

 

The Family of Arthur and Patience HAWLEY ALLEN Move to Illinois

In 1828, Arthur and Patience moved to Illinois. They sold their land in Johnston Co., N.C., to Andrew SCOTT, probably a free African American, but the deed was not proven by oath of Bartlett DEANS until February 1841. Perhaps Arthur and Patience believed the attitude towards African Americans on the isolated Illinois frontier was more accepting than in more established areas in North Carolina, where, generally, chattel slavery and racism had fully developed.

The decision to move to Illinois is thought to have been influenced by the John STOKES family, who were Quakers, opposed to slavery and settled in Illinois in 1811, via Christian Co., Ky. John STOKES is on the 1786 census in Capt. VINCENT's District, Northampton Co., N.C. (page 7) and on the 1800 census of Northampton County (page 475). A few other Quaker families, like the COXes, WIGGSes and MUSGRAVEs were also early settlers in Stokes Precinct, Union Co., Ill. Tradition says the STOKES family did not actively recruit the ALLENs to settle in Union County, but did welcome them when they settled on a farm two miles away.

Arthur was 44 and Patience was 41 when the ALLENs came to Union County in 1828 with their eight children, ranging in ages from 1 to 20 years old. (Three more children would be born to them in Illinois.) They were the first free African Americans to settle in Union County, although there were slaves in the county brought there by some of the earliest settlers. By the 1830 census, there were five free households with a total of 30 people. In 1883, the Union County history recorded that

The only regular negro settlement in the county is in this (Stokes) precinct. Arthur ALLEN, a wandering son of 'Africa's golden strand,' was among the early settlers here. He has gathered around him a number of his people, thus forming quite a colony of the 'bone of contention' between the North and the South.

Soon after arriving, on 8 September 1828, Arthur purchased 80 acres and a house from John and Elizabeth CAUBLE MOWERY, in the east half of the southeast quarter of section 14, township 12 south, range 1 east. The MOWERYs, originally from Rowan Co., N.C., purchased the land from the government in 1821 and moved to Macon County after selling it to the ALLENs. Arthur and Patience obviously came to Illinois with money and an intention to settle here permanently. The source of the money was probably the profits from their labor and the sale of their land in North Carolina. Examination of probate records in North Carolina may also reveal an inheritance for Arthur or Patience which enabled them to make their initial land purchases.

The first Illinois census in which the Arthur ALLEN family appears is the 1830 federal census of Union County, where they are enumerated as "free persons of color" (page 54, line 6). The ALLEN family does not appear on the 1835 census of Union County, although they were residents there at the time the census was taken. Arthur is on the 1839 tax list of Union County, however (pages 1-2). He was taxed for four horses worth $180, seven cows worth $29, one wagon worth $80, and had loaned $60. The 80 acres he bought in 1828 were worth $4 an acre or $320 in 1839. The value of their other personal property was $100, making the total value of his taxable personal property (excluding land) $449.

On 19 June 1837, Arthur ALLEN entered, at the federal land office in Shawneetown, the southwest quarter of section 13, 160 acres, for which he paid $200. On the same day he entered the northeast quarter of the northwest quarter of section 24, 40 acres, for which he paid $50, and the northwest quarter of the northwest quarter of section 24, 40 acres, for which he paid $72. All three tracts were in township 12 south, range 1 east, which is Stokes Precinct. After making his final payments for the land, he and Patience owned 320 acres in Union County. At his death, Arthur still owned all the land, except the 40 acres in the northwest quarter of the northwest quarter in section 24. The farm land that the ALLENs purchased was near the Johnson-Union county line, about a mile northeast of the present-day community of Mt. Pleasant, which was laid out in 1858. Most of the land was probably timbered when purchased by the ALLENs. If they were typical of other early settlers, only a few acres were actually put in cultivation in any given year. The rest remained timbered, a good source of firewood in winter and for hunting wild game for food.

It was independent land ownership which brought the free African Americans to some level of social equality to white settlers in racist antebellum America. Arthur and Patience owned 320 acres and as their sons grew to adulthood, they also made land purchases from the government near their parents' farm on the Union-Johnson county line. Littleberry ALLEN owned 40 acres, Nathan ALLEN owned 220 acres, John ALLEN bought 120 acres, Henry ALLEN purchased 182 acres, and Arthur's son-in-law, John W. BLACKWELL, owned 130 acres. The combined ownership among the family of over 1,000 acres in the same vicinity must have offered them some sense of security. The people of southern Illinois, in general, were bitterly opposed to African Americans owning land, but no measure was ever taken by the legislature to prohibit it.

About two miles south of the ALLEN Settlement was the road from Vienna to Mt. Pleasant and on through Jonesboro, now State Route 146. This was the dirt road used in the winter of 1838 and 1839 by about 12,000 Cherokee Indians and their black slaves during their forced removal from their homes in the East to Indian Territory (Oklahoma). The Cherokee called it the Trail of Tears. For several weeks the Cherokee were delayed in Union and Johnson counties as they waited for the ice to thaw on the Mississippi River so they could cross. The suffering of the Cherokee was great, as supplies left for them along the route in southern Illinois soon ran out. One can only speculate what the reaction of the ALLEN family was to the several thousand Cherokee camped near their home. Perhaps having confronted racism themselves they were more sympathetic to the plight of the American Indians than were their white neighbors.

The year after the Cherokee passed by the ALLEN farm, Arthur ALLEN died on 3 April 1840, at his home in Stokes Township, Union Co., Ill. He had been ill at least since the end of February 1840, and Dr. Sidney S. CONDON, a white doctor from Jonesboro, made nearly daily visits to Arthur's home to care for him as best a frontier doctor in 1840 could. The doctor bill amounted to $138.25 for visits made from 28 February to 19 April 1840. Since the doctor bill is for medical services rendered several days after Arthur's death, one is left to assume that there were others in the family who were sick at the same time and still needed a doctor's care. The last visit on 19 April, Dr. CONDON noted, was "for Nath," who was almost certainly Arthur's 20-year-old son, Nathan ALLEN.

One debt found in the probate file of Arthur ALLEN was for $3.80 due James S. MILLER, a school teacher and justice of the peace in Stokes Township, for "tuition of 2 schollars for three months." An 1825 Illinois law established some free schools in Illinois, but stated that they would "be open and free to every class of white citizens between the ages of 5 and 21." Arthur was illiterate, but he managed to see that at least some of his children were educated, despite the law, by sending them to a private subscription school. Subscription schools were operated by a teacher who agreed to accept students provided the parents paid the agreed upon amount for each pupil sent to him. Some of his children probably attended school beside white children from the Stokes Settlement, well over 100 years before the Supreme Court decision of Brown v. the Board of Education in 1954 called for the integration of all public schools.

The struggle of African American parents to send their children to school was often met with resistance in Illinois. The Jonesboro Gazette reported on 12 Oct 1870,

A negro named ALLEN sent his children to the free school. The teacher refused to receive them and seat them with his white scholars. The colored man wrote to Gov. PALMER and stated the case, claiming the right under the constitutional amendments and the new Constitution of the State to send his children to a white school and receive the benefit of the school monies. The Governor replied that he had the right and that if the directors did not receive his children to sue them for damages. The darkey sent his children again; the offending teacher was discharged and the little nigs now have the run of the schoolhouse and lord it over the white children who are compelled to tolerate their presence, by the Radical law to enforce equality of the races.

Arthur and Patience ALLEN early saw the value of education and paid the tuition for at least some of their children to receive meager educations. Among the articles in the estate of Patience ALLEN in 1853 were books, valued at 35cents, perhaps purchased for the children, as Patience was also illiterate. The books, titles not recorded, were bought at the estate sale by Nathan ALLEN and William VALENTINE, Patience's son and son-in-law.

Calvin BRIDGERS, a white neighbor, was appointed administrator of Arthur's estate. Arthur was a well-to-do farmer compared to other estates settled about the same time. His personal property was appraised at $836.37, and mainly consisted of 88 pigs, five horses, nine cows, eight sheep, farming tools and two rifles. In addition to the personal property and 280 acres of land, Arthur had $580.25 in cash on hand at his death and had notes from debtors which amounted to $697, plus $84.40 interest. The following individuals, family members and white neighbors, signed notes promising to pay Arthur ALLEN the amounts noted with interest: Stanley BRIDGERS $55, Alfred BRIDGERS $27, Josiah RAGAN $15, George T. McGINNIS $10, Anson GURLEY $11, Wiley WISE $47.62, Joel M. HUFFMAN $5, Christopher PETERSON $9.71, Barnett GORE $2.08, Abner COX $22, John PENROD $50, Richard ELKINS $28.04, William McGINNIS $8.50, Jones STOKES Jr. $9.75, William STANDARD $29.86, John STOKES Sr. $7.44, Edward DOOLEY $5.57, David Y. BRIDGERS $48.60, William H. OLIVER $12.70, W.J. GIBBS $13.50, Thomas STOKES $6.62, Sarah ALLEN $32, Nathan ALLEN $50, Little Berry ALLEN $58.37, Patience ALLEN Jr. $39, Patience ALLEN Sr. $27, and Arthur ALLEN Jr. $45. During pioneer days in Illinois, currency was scarce and such notes were considered legal tender.

Patience ALLEN received the widow's specific property which was allowed her by law and valued at $257. The property was "set apart for the widow ALLIN May 29th 1840" at the time the personal property was appraised by James S. MILLER, William STANDARD and John STOKES Sr. She received a bedstead and bedding worth $20; 1 lot dresser ware, $3; 6 chairs, $2; 1 lot buckets and pails, $1.50; 1 lot of pewter, $2.50; 1 lot of casting, $1.25; 1 flesh fork and saddle, 25cents; 1 fire shovel, 25cents; 1 spinning wheel, $2; 1 pair of cards, 50cents; 1 bread tray, 25cents; 1 lot sheaf wheat, $20; 1 lot of bacon, $30; a lot of lard, $3.50; 1 lot of corn, $75; 1 cow and calf, $12; 6 barrow hogs, $18; 3 barrow hogs, $4.50; 1 grey horse, $660; and 1 churn, 50cents.

An auction was held to sell the other personal property, on 1 June 1840, and generated $390.02. A large attendance must have been expected on sale day, as five gallons of whiskey, to be given away to those present, were purchased for $2.50.

A List of the property belonging to the estate of Arthur ALLIN Decd.

and sold on the first day of June 1840 And to whom sold

1840, June1

Little B. ALLIN

1 grind stone no crank 1.12 1/2

1 lot sheaf oats 2.50

2 leather collars 2.25 5.87 1/2

Thomas STOKES

1 rifle gun 16.37 1/2 16.37 1/2

Patience ALLIN

1 pair of cart wheels 4.00 4.00

William STANDARD

1 lot sheaf oats 2.00 2.00

Barnett GORE

1 stack of fodder 2.31 1/4

25 bushels of corn @ 60 1/2 cents 15.12 1/2 17.43 3/4

Nedom WIGGS

1 stack of fodder 3.00 3.00

Worthington J. GIBBS

1 stack fodder 3.31 1/4

2 sanded sows 3.31 1/4

2 white & sanded sows & 2 pigs 4.06 1/4

25 bushels of corn @ 58cents 14.50

25 bushels of corn @ 60cents 15.00 40.18 3/4

Richard ELKINS

1 spotted sow & 4 pigs 4.00

1 spotted sow & 3 pigs 3.50 7.50

D.R.D. PENDER

2 sheep 3rd choice 2.31 1/4 2.31 1/4

Arthur ALLIN Jur.

2 sows & 8 pigs 8.43 3/4

1 broad axe 3.25 11.68 3/4

 

 

James BYRD

1 red spotted sow & 4 pigs 2.87 1/2

13 head of hogs 15.00

25 bushels of corn @ 53 1/3 cents 13.37 1/2 31.25

Samuel McGINNIS

2 spotted sows 2.56 1/4

3 spotted sows 5.87 1/2 8.43 3/4

Edward DOOLEY

6 head of sheep 10.56 1/4 10.56 1/4

William ASCUE

25 bushels of corn @ 56 1/4 cents 14.06 1/4 14.06 1/4

Rice COBB

25 bushels of corn @ 56 1/4cents 14.06 1/4 14.06 1/4

James BURTON

25 bushels of corn @ 62 1/2 cents 15.62 1/2 15.62 1/2

William PETERSON

25 bushels of corn @ 58cents 14.50

1 blind bridle 37 1/2 cents 14.87 1/2

William H. OLIVER

25 bushels of corn @ 52cents 13.00 13.00

William WIGGS

25 bushels of corn @ 56 1/2cents 14.06 1/4 14.06 1/4

Stanley BRIDGERS

96 1/2 bushels of corn @ 57cents 55.00 55.00

John BRIDGERS Jur.

1 waggon 81.06 1/4 81.06 1/4

John STOKES Ser.

2 pair of breeching 5.50

1 whip 25cents

1 blind bridle 81cents

1 leather collar 1.09 7.65

$390.02 1/2

We the under signed do hereby certify that the foregoing is a correct Bill of the property sold belonging to the estate of Arthur ALLIN Decd. on the first day of June 1840 Given under our hands this 4th day of June AD 1840

James S. MILLER, Clk

Jones STOKES Junier, Crier

When the estate was settled, there was $1,071.22 to distribute to the heirs. Patience received $340.64 and each of their 10 children received $68.12, enough money for each to buy a small farm, if they so chose.

The Arthur ALLEN family enjoyed economic success on the Illinois frontier. Despite what hopes Arthur ALLEN may have had for other aspects of his life in Illinois, neither he nor his children lived long enough to gain citizenship rights in the state. In 1848, when Illinois ratified a new state constitution, the people of Illinois approved 50,261 to 21, 297 the provisions which allowed the General Assembly to pass laws forbidding the future settlement of free blacks in Illinois, prohibiting them from serving in the militia, paying poll taxes or voting. Legislative acts from 1826 were still on the books which prevented blacks from serving in the militia or holding public office. Not until the Fifteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified in 1870 would Arthur ALLEN's male descendants get an opportunity to vote. The people of Union County opposed ratification, 193 for to 896 against. The Jonesboro Gazette on 9 Jul 1870, reported, "Every precinct in Union County gave a majority against the the adaptation of the new constitution, rolling up a very light vote, 703 majority against it. Hurrah for the Old Union. They will never countenance negro equality in any shape or form." It was yet another 50 years before Arthur's female descendants gained suffrage in 1920.

On the 1840 Illinois census (page 78, line 27), Arthur's widow, Patience ALLEN, appears as the head of the household. On the 1846 tax list of Union County, Patience was taxed $1.53 for horses worth $60, cattle worth $38, a clock worth $5, a wagon worth $8 and other personal property worth $50. She paid $1.22 in taxes in 1847 for horses worth $60, cattle worth $36, a clock worth $5, a cart worth $6 and other personal property worth $50. Patience is on the 1850 census, when her farm was valued at $450. Living with her were her unmarried children, Smithy, Mary and Jane, and also a young man named Gilford ALLEN, who was born about 1831 in Alabama. Gilford was the son of Joseph ALLEN of Saline Co., Ill., and a brother of Rebecca ALLEN (who married John ALLEN, a son of Arthur and Patience HAWLEY ALLEN). Gilford is thought to have been Arthur' ALLENs nephew.

Patience HAWLEY ALLEN died 8 December 1853, in Union Co., Ill. Her son, Nathan ALLEN, was named administrator of her estate, which was appraised at $678.68. She was probably buried beside her husband on their farm in Union County, but the specific location of the final resting place of Arthur and Patience ALLEN, black pioneers of the Illinois frontier, is unknown.

The daughter of Patience HAWLEY:

1. Elizabeth HAWLEY, born about 1808 in North Carolina, probably Northampton County, was the daughter of Patience HAWLEY ALLEN. Elizabeth was not one of the heirs of Arthur ALLEN, who died in 1840, and was about 5 years old when her mother married Arthur ALLEN. Patience appears to have had Elizabeth out of wedlock or perhaps she was married to a man named HAWLEY before she married Arthur ALLEN.

Elizabeth HAWLEY married on 14 Sep 1832, in Union Co., Ill., Jacob ARTIS. He appears on the 1830 census as a free black in Union County near the ALLENs and probably came from Johnston or Northampton Co., N.C., at the same time. The ARTISes are not on the 1835 census or any later census in Union County.

Jacob was probably descended from George ARTIS of Northampton County, who is on the 1790, 1810 (five free colored persons) and 1820 censi there and was married to the daughter of Moses NEWSOM. (Nathaniel, a son of Moses NEWSOM, married Eady, a daughter of Benjamin HAWLEY.) One of George's sons was Kinchen ARTIS, who served in the War of 1812 and moved to Cass Co., Mich., as did relatives of Arthur ALLEN.

Jacob ARTIS is thought to have died before 1840 and Elizabeth returned to live with her mother. A female, age 24-36, probably Elizabeth ARTIS, was living in the household of Patience ALLEN in Union County in 1840. Other than Patience and her children, others in the household included two females under age 10. One of the girls was probably Elizabeth's daughter, Patience ARTIS. The other girl may have been another daughter of Elizabeth who died young.

Elizabeth ARTIS married again before 1854, as she is named as Elizabeth MARSHALL in Patience ALLEN's estate file, but there is no marriage record in Union, Johnson , Gallatin, Saline or White Co., Ill.

Elizabeth MARSHALL loaned money to John ALLEN, her half brother, and later purchased John's land from his heirs. She appears on the 1870 census of Johnson Co., Ill., living next to Henry ALLEN, her half brother, and was listed as Elizabeth MARSHALL, a white woman.

Elizabeth is thought to be the same person as Elizabeth ARTICE, at whose house in Johnson Co., Ill., Nuton GURLEY, age 25, of Elvira, Johnson Co., Ill., married Emma PARKER, age 21, of Elvira, on 16 Sep 1875. The PARKERs and GURLEYs, white, are on the 1870 census of Johnson County living near Elizabeth MARSHALL.

On the 1877 real estate tax list for township 12 south, range 1 east, Elizabeth MARSHALL is listed as the owner of 40 acres in the northwest quarter of the northeast quarter of section 13. Her $2.52 tax was paid by John BLACKWELL of Mt. Pleasant, who was married to Elizabeth's half sister. Elizabeth died between 1877, when she was listed on real estate tax records in Union County, and 1880, as she is not on the 1880 census. She does not have a probate file in Union or Johnson County.

a. Patience ARTIS was born between 1836 and 1840 in Illinois and married on 1 Feb 1855, in Union Co., Ill., John G. CHAVIS, who was born about 1830 in Tennessee, the son of Thomas and Dicey CHAVIS of Union Co., Ill.

John is on the 1855 census of Union County, living next to Henry ALLEN in Stokes Precinct. There were two males in the family and three females. His livestock was worth $50.

John CHAVES paid $2.24 for taxes in township 12 south, range 1 east, for personal property worth $120 in 1856. In 1857 John CHAVOUS paid $1.87 taxes for personal property worth $113, and in 1858 John SCHAVOUS paid 98cents in taxes on personal property valued at $67. He was taxed 90cents in 1859 for property worth $85.

John and Patience are also on the 1860 census of Union County (household 889). Patience could read and write, but John was illiterate. Their personal property was valued at $125. Patience was listed as black on the census and John and their children were recorded as mulattos.

There were two John CHAVISes who served as privates in the U.S. Colored Troops during the Civil War, in Co. I, 2nd U.S. Cavalry and Co. D, 135th U.S. Infantry. It is not known if either of these men is John G. CHAVIS.

John CHAVOUS was not located on the 1861 personal tax list. In 1862 he paid 85cents in taxes on $100 property, in 1863 he paid 86cents on personal property valued at $74, in 1864 he paid $1.38 on $120, and in 1865 he paid $1.81 personal taxes on $162 .

John G. CHAVOUS purchased from Thomas and Mary BOSWELL on 4 Oct 1870, for $470, the northeast quarter of the northwest quarter of section 13, township 12 south, range 1 east, 40 acres (Book 28 page 91).

The 1870 tax list valued his personal property at $260 and shows that he paid $2.52 in taxes. He is not on the 1873 list, but in 1874 he paid $2.84 in personal property taxes on $177, in 1875 he paid $4.85 on $205, in 1876 he paid $4.07 on $141, in 1877 he paid $6.69 on $145, in 1878 he paid $4.35 on $152, in 1879 he paid $4.18 on $134, in 1882 he paid $3.65 on $95, and in 1883 he paid $4.41 on $150.

In 1880, in Stokes Township, John and Patience reappear on the census records of Union County (household 257). John's occupation was a farmer.

(1) William A. CHAVIS was born in June 1856 in Union Co., Ill. William purchased the northwest quarter of the northeast quarter of section 13, township 12 south, range 1 east, 40 acres, for $1 from his grandmother, Elizabeth MARSHALL of Johnson Co., Ill., on 14 Oct 1875 (Book 44 page 231). He purchased the southwest quarter of the northeast quarter of section 13, township 12 south, range 1 east, 40 acres, from his cousin, Narcena Ann ALLEN of White Co., Ill., on 4 Apr 1883 (Book 44 page 231). He sold to Silvester HILEMAN for $500, the west half of the northeast quarter of section 13, township 12 south, range 1 east, 80 acres (Book 44 page 232).

William A. CHAVOUS is on the 1879 tax list of township 12 south, range 1 east. He owned personal property worth $56 and paid $1.76 in taxes. In 1882 he paid $3.41 in taxes on personal property assessed at $122.

William lived in Carrier Mills when he married on 10 Mar 1892, in Saline Co., Ill., Frances J. HARDIMAN, who was born about 1871 in Indiana, the daughter of William T. and Elizabeth LESSEL HARDIMAN. William A. married again on 18 Apr 1893, in Saline Co., Ill., Maglitha "Letha" TABORN, who was born 21 Aug 1872, the daughter of Zachariah and Catharine CHAVOUS TABORN (see Chapter 7).

William and Meglitha are on the 1900 census of Carrier Mills, Saline Co., Ill. (E.D. 77, sheet 4, line 8). On the 1910 census (household 119) William's occupation was given as "odd jobs laborer." He died between 1910 and 1912. In 1920, Maglitha was a widow and appears on the census of ward 2, Carrier Mills, Saline Co., Ill., as "Lathe" CHAVIOUS, a 49-year-old widow (household 58). Her occupation was laundress. She died 21 Nov 1945.

(a) Alice CHAVIOUS was born in July 1892 in Illinois, died in 1991, and married Mr. BLACKWELL. She is buried in Lakeview Cemetery.

(b) Nellie CHAVIOUS was born in July 1896 in Illinois.

(c) Sarah J.C. CHAVIOUS was born in January 1898 in Illinois, died in 1990, and married Leo LANTON born in 1898, died in 1957. He was a veteran of World War I. They are buried in Lakeview Cemetery.

(d) Emma (or Mary V.) CHAVIOUS was born in February 1900 in Illinois and married Mr. EVANS.

(e) John E. CHAVIOUS was born 6 Jan 1902 in Illinois, died 18 Jan 1982, married Florence M. born 9 Feb 1904, died 7 Nov 1997. They are buried in Lakeview Cemetery.

(f) Irvin (or "Ervy" or Ira F.) CHAVIOUS was born about 1904 in Illinois.

(g) Eva CHAVIOUS was born about 1906 in Illinois.

(h) Leo (or George) CHAVIOUS was born about 1908 in Illinois.

(i) Bertha CHAVIOUS was born about 1912 in Illinois.

(2) John T. "Lum" CHAVIS was born about 1857 in Illinois. This is thought to be John JAVIS, who was a boarder in the household of Matilda ROLAND in Cobden, Union Co., Ill., in 1900 (household 201). John's occupation was a day laborer.

John T. CHAVOUS of Stokes Precinct, Union Co., Ill., purchased from Louisa and her husband Charles MITCHELL on 27 Oct 1882, for $150 the northeast quarter of the northeast quarter of section 13, township 12 south, range 1 east, 40 acres (Book 37 page 177). Louisa was John's cousin and the daughter of John and Rebecca ALLEN ALLEN. John T. mortgaged the land to Louisa on 27 Oct 1882 (Book 7 page 260). John is on the 1882 tax list of township 12 south, range 1 east and paid $1.68 in taxes on personal property valued at $51.

John T. CHAVIS married on 24 Oct 1888, in Johnson Co., Ill., Cordelia "Delia" WORLDS, who was born about 1871, the daughter of Green and Angeline MILLER WORLDS (Book E2 page 160).

On the 1930 census of Harrisburg, Saline Co., Ill., Lum is listed as being divorced. He was then a laborer working odd jobs.

John T. and his brother, Joseph CHAVOUS, were owners of the northeast quarter of the northeast quarter of section 13, township 12 south, range 1 east, when the mortgage was foreclosed on 24 Nov 1899. The land was sold to Peter Bentley ANDERSON, the highest bidder, on 20 Jan 1900 for $20 (Book 34 page 97 and Book 48 page 236). There is a John T. CHAVOUS, born 12 Jul 1866, died 3 Feb 1941, who is buried in Lakeview Cemetery.

Otto CHAVIS was born 12 Apr 1897, in Vienna, died 20 Oct 1954, of coronary occlusion and was buried in Rose Hill Cemetery (Book 4 page 570). He never married. His gravestone is a military marker and records his death as 20 Aug 1954. Otto served in World War I as a private from Illinois in 416 Res. Labor BN QMC.

Otto is on the 1930 census of Vienna, Johnson Co., Ill., living in the household of Polly WILLIAMS, his mother’s sister. His grandmother, Anna (Angeline) WORLDS also lived with them. Otto was 33 years old, single, and his occupation was odd jobs laborer.

Rose Hill Cemetery is an African American cemetery on the south side of Vienna, which dates from the 1880s. The earliest marker found in the cemetery in 1999 was for Libbie JONES, who died in 1886. There were 26 legible markers and four military markers there for men who served in World War I. There were several headstones that were smooth and apparently never had inscriptions and many graves were only marked with small sandstones.

The church building used by the African American community in Vienna, known as the "old colored church" was still standing in 1999 on the south side of town on 7th Street. It was a simple structure and in poor condition. Mr. WATERS, a man in his 70s, who lived next to the old church, remembered as a young man coming to Vienna to the movies and said the shouts of the churchgoers there could be heard all over town when they were having revival meetings.

In the summer of 1955, a young man from the community was accused of entering the home of an elderly white woman in Vienna for the purpose of robbing her of her pension money. The woman and her granddaughter, who was staying there at the time, were attacked and the elderly woman later died from the beating. The young black man hid in a barn from the authorities for several days in which time many civilians were deputized to aid in the manhunt. During these few days, the homes of the African Americans were burned and the people were forced to move.

The last known African American to live in Vienna was "Old Man" WORLDS, who lived in a house near the cemetery.

(b) Beatrice CHAVIS married ? WORLDS. She lived at 4707 S. Michigan Ave., Chicago, Ill., when her brother died in 1954.

(3) Augustus Monroe CHAVIS was born 9 Apr 1859, in Union Co., Ill. He was living in Carrier Mills when he married on 16 Oct 1895, in Saline Co., Ill., Mrs. America A. DABBS ALLEN. She was born 4 Oct 1861, and was the widow of Asberry ALLEN, who was born about 1842 in North Carolina, the son of John and Elmina FLOYD ALLEN. She and Asberry married in Saline Co., Ill., on 2 Jul 1882.

America was the daughter of Samuel (or Ed) and Catharine (or California) SINGLETON DABBS.

Monroe and America are on the 1900 census of Carrier Mills, Saline Co., Ill. (E.D. 47, sheet 4, line 3) and 1910 census (household 120).

Augustus and America are on the 1920 census of Harrisburg Township, Saline Co., Ill. (household 693) and are listed as white. Augustus's occupation was a farm hand. One of their daughters had a son, Carl ROUSE, who was born about 1917 and was living with his grandparents in 1920. He is on the 1930 census of Harrisburg, Saline Co., Ill., living in the household of his son, John CHAVOUS.

America died 26 Mar 1929, of heart disease in Saline Co., Ill. (Death Book 8 page 33).

Augustus died 1 Jun 1935, of chronic cardiac and renal disease (Death Book 9 page 301)

(a) Lizzie CHAVIS was born in October 1890 in Illinois and married in 1909 Eugene HARRISON, who was born about 1889. In 1910, they were living with Lizzie's parents at Carrier Mills.

(b) Millie or Nellie CHAVIS was born in March 1896 in Illinois.

(c) John Monroe CHAVIS was born in September 1897 in Illinois. In 1930 he was working as a farmer in Harrisburg Precinct, Saline Co., Ill. His 70-year-old father lived with him.

(4) Albert Lafayette "Lafe" CHAVOUS was born in June 1861 and married on 17 May 1888, in White Co., Ill., Mrs. Amanda Jane "Mandy" SHAW, who was born in 24 May 1861, in Illinois, the daughter of Theophilus and Mary Ann BRYANT TURNER. Amanda Jane's death record has her date of birth as 23 Nov 1862. She died 22 Apr 1937, in White Co., Ill. When he married, Albert's residence was Union Co., Ill., and the marriage license lists his mother’s maiden name as Patience ALLEN. Amanda was a sister of Clementine TURNER, who married John W. BLACKWELL. Amanda was previously married on 19 Mar 1882, in White Co., Ill., to Alonzo SHAW, who was born about 1860, the son of Cornelius and Sarah SHAW SHAW. Alonzo's brother, Cyrus SHAW married Penny ALLEN in White County in 1880.

Albert and Mandy are on the 1900 census of White Co., Ill. (household 55/56). Mandy was the mother of five children of whom two were living. Albert's stepdaughter, Iola SHAW, who was born in August 1883 in Illinois was living with them, as was a nephew, Coil TURNER, who was born in September 1888. Iola SHAW was the daughter of Alonzo and Amanda TURNER SHAW and married on 30 Apr 1910, in White County, Marion ELLIOTT, who was born about 1888, the son of Arnold and Fannie STEWART ELLIOTT. Iola is on the 1920 census with her mother as Ola SHAW. Arnold ELLIOTT was the son of Aaron ELLIOTT, who married on 8 Dec 1830, in Gallatin Co., Ill., Polly PRATER. Aaron died in Saline County and Peter ELLIOTT was appointed administrator of Aaron's estate in 1853 in Saline Co., Ill. (Box 6-9).

Aaron ELLIOTT was the slave of Timothy GUARD of Gallatin Co., Ill., and sold by him for $500 to Cornelius ELLIOTT also of Gallatin Co., Ill., on 22 Mar 1827. The bill of sale states that Aaron was "better known as the brother of Tall and Niell ELLIOTT." Aaron purchased his freedom and Cornelius set him free on 14 Jul 1832, in Gallatin Co., Ill. Cornelius "Niell" and Aaron were brothers and the "Niell" ELLIOTT mentioned is the same person as Cornelius. Cornelius ELLIOTT bought his own freedom for $1,000 from Timothy GUARD on 4 Aug 1821. GUARD stated he had purchased Cornelius from John ELLIOTT of Maury Co., Tenn., for $1,000 in March 1819.

Cornelius ELLIOTT was born about 1793 in North Carolina and married on 19 Jul 1849, in Saline Co., Ill., Sarah VINSON, who was born about 1812 in Kentucky. The name of his earlier wife is not known. He and Sarah are on the 1850 census of Saline Co., Ill. (household 2). Cornelius died 4 May 1868, in Saline Co., Ill., and his heirs were his widow, Sarah "Sally" ELLIOTT, and children: Peter (born about 1830), John (born about 1835), Charles H. (born about 1837), Samuel, George, Sarah Ann (born about 1842), Mary ELLIOTT (born about 1849), Julia Ann COLES (born about 1832), Nancy HOLLEY (born about 1838), and Minerva JAMISON (born about 1840).

Cornelius's first wife may have been Sally ELLIOTT, of whom Nancy VINSON testified on 9 Sep 1829, in Gallatin Co., Ill., was "a yellow woman aged nineteen years of the 14th day of October next, five feet five inches and a quarter high, a scar on the right side of the chin, also one near the outer corner of the right eye, a mole on the upper lip near the left corner of the mouth was born free in Union County, Kentucky."

"Tall," the brother of Cornelius and Aaron ELLIOTT, was probably Charles ELLIOTT, who was born about 1802 in Tennessee. He is on the 1850 census of Saline Co., Ill. (household 3), living next to Cornelius and was a farmer whose real estate was valued at $200. Living with him was Laura, born about 1822 in Kentucky, Cornelius born about 1854 in Illinois and Adaline born about 1846 in Illinois. Their race was listed as black.

On the 1910 census of the village of Maunie, White Co., Ill., Albert said his father was born in Tennessee and his mother in Illinois. Mandy was then the mother of six children of whom three were living.

There was a man named ELLIOTT "who was a little colored," who was murdered in what is now Williamson County. He worked for Thomas GRIFFEE at salt petre cave. He was stabbed to death there one Saturday night by a surveyor named John HICKS. He was pursued by GRIFFEE and John PHELPS and once captured, was taken to Kaskaskia where resided the nearest justice of the peace, where he was "whipped, cropped and branded and let go." (The History of Williamson County, Illinois by Milo Erwin, 1926, page 95). It is not known if this ELLIOTT was connected to the ELLIOTT family above.

Albert CHAVOUS died in 1912 and is buried in Sand Hill Cemetery in section 13 in Hawthorne Township, White Co., Ill. Mandy is the head of the household on the 1920 census in Emma Township, White Co., Ill. (household 30/30). Amanda died on 22 Apr 1937, aged 75 years, 10 months and 29 days, and was buried beside Albert in Sand Hill Township.

(a) Harry W. CHAVOUS was born in May 1895 in Illinois.

(b) Clarence CHAVOUS was born about 1902 in Illinois.

(5) James CHAVERS was born about 1864 and married on 25 Feb 1909, in White Co., Ill., Cordelia DUPEE, the daughter of William and Mary LEWIS DUPEE.

(6) Elizabeth CHAVIS was born about 1866 in Illinois.

(7) Mary Ann CHAVIS was born in April 1867 in Illinois and married on 8 Mar 1886, in White Co., Ill., James Henry WORLDS of Posey Co., Ind., who was born in April 1857, the son of James H. and Rosa BLACK WORLDS.

James H. WORLDS was the son of Henry and Jane WORLDS, and a brother of Green WORLDS. James was born in July 1826-30 in Tennessee and married again on 4 Feb 1871, in White Co., Ill., Elizabeth CUMMINGS, a native of Tennessee. They are on the 1900 census of Vienna Township, Johnson Co., Ill. (household 40).

Henry and Mary are on the 1900 census of Cache Precinct, Johnson Co., Ill. (household 26). Henry was a farmer who rented his farm. Living with him and his family was James KINDLE, a farm laborer, born in March 1864 in Kentucky.

James H. and Mary WORLDS are on the 1910 census of Simpson Township, Johnson Co., Ill. (household 137). She was then the mother of seven children, all living.

James Henry had a brother, Leonard WORLDS, who was born in 1860 in Mt. Vernon, Posey Co., Ind., and married on 24 Nov 1887, in White Co., Ill., Lucy MORGAN, who was born about 1868, the daughter of Alfred and Milly KISNER MORGAN. Leonard married 2nd on 13 Sep 1934, in Johnson Co., Ill., Mrs. Mary F. DOTSON, who was born in1886 in Massac Co., Ill. Mary did not know her father's name, but her mother's maiden name was NUBURN.

James Henry also had a half brother, Green WORLDS, who was born Feb1874 in Illinois, named after his uncle, Green WORLDS. Green married on 4 Sep 1901, in Johnson Co., Ill., Lou (also found as Lena and Lee) TITSWORTH, who was born about 1875 in Illinois. Green Jr.'s children were: Lula A. born in 1899, Ollie G. born in 1910, James born in 1912, Elmer born in 1915, and Julia born in 1916.

(a) Walter or Willie WORLDS was born in September 1886 in Illinois.

(b) Mary WORLDS was born in May 1891 in Illinois.

(c) Munroe WORLDS was born in September 1893 in Illinois.

(c) John WORLDS was born in May 1896 in Illinois.

(d) Bessie WORLDS was born in January 1899 in Illinois.

(e) Noval WORLDS was born about 1903 in Illinois.

(f) Viola WORLDS was born about 1903 in Illinois.

(8) Thomas CHAVIS was born in 1869 in Union Co., Ill. He is thought to be the son of John and Patience ARTIS CHAVIS, but was not listed with them on the 1880 census. He married on 9 Aug 1888, in Johnson Co., Ill., Alice Sarah WORLDS who was born in September 1871 in White Co., Ill., the daughter of Green and Angeline MILLER WORLDS (Book E page 140).

Green WORLDS married on 2 Oct 1864, in White Co., Ill., Angelina "Anna" MILLER.

On the 1900 census of Vienna, Johnson Co., Ill., Thomas's occupation was listed as a teamster (household 55). He owned his own home.

Living in the household next to Thomas and Alice were Green and Angeline WORLDS (household 56). Green WORLDS was born about 1845 in Illinois and Angeline was born about 1845 in Tennessee. Their other known children are Rosetta WORLDS born about 1865 (married 1 Feb 1885, in White Co., Ill., Reuben WOOTEN); Albert born about 1868 and died before 1880; Cordelia WORLDS born about 1873 (married John T. CHAVIS); Marshall WORLDS born about 1875; Polly WORLDS, born in March 1878 (married 3 Sep 1900, in White Co., Ill., Edward "Ed" WILLIAMS---Ed and Polly are on the 1910 census of Johnson Co., Ill., household 166 and 1920 census, household 119, with their children: Loyd born 1902, James Lester born 1905, John Wesley born 1907, and Paul born 1913.).

Angeline was also the mother of Mary MILLER, who was born about 1860 and married on 30 Oct 1874, in White Co., Ill., James A. TABEN, who was born about 1858. Their children were Charles TABEN born about 1876 and Juanona TABEN born about 1879. Living with them as a farm hand in 1880 (household 271) in White Co., Ill., was Lafayette CHAVESS, who was born about 1860 in Illinois (and married Amanda Jane TURNER, the daughter of Theophilus and Nancy BRYANT TURNER).

Green WORLDS is on the 1860 census of White Co., Ill. (household 201) living next to Gilford ALLEN; and on the 1870 (household 201/205) and 1880 censi of White Co., Ill.

Green WORLD died 19 Nov 1935, in Vienna, Johnson Co., Ill., aged 61 years. Angeline WORLD died 26 Dec 1934, in Vienna, Johnson Co., Ill.

Green WORLDS was the son of Henry and Jane (or "Jenny") WORLDS who are on the 1850 census of Gallatin Co., Ill., Shawneetown Precinct (household 30). Henry WORLDS was born about 1797 in Halifax Co., N.C., and Jenny was born about 1808 in North Carolina. They moved from North Carolina, to Tennessee, and to Gallatin Co., Ill., about 1838. Rebecca POWERS, a white woman, swore on 3 Sep 1844, in Gallatin Co., Ill., that Henry was born in Halifax County of free parents. Henry and Jenny were farmers and their children who were living with them in 1850 were: James, who was born about 1826 in Tennessee; Lemuel, who was born about 1828 in Tennessee; Alexander, who was born about 1834 in Tennessee; Polly, who was born about 1832 in Tennessee; Green, who was born about 1841 in Illinois; and Eleanor, who was born in 1850 (married 13 Dec 1874, in White Co., Ill., Howard GENTRY).

Henry WORLD is also on the 1840 census of North Fork Township, Gallatin Co., Ill. (p 58). This was the part of Gallatin County which became Saline County.

Thomas died before 1920.

Alice was head of the household in 1920 and her occupation was laundress in Johnson Co., Ill. (household 121). She is also on the 1930 census of Vienna, Johnson Co., Ill. (household 88).

(a) Thomas Lee CHAVIS was born 16 Aug 1891, in Johnson Co., Ill. (Birth Book 9 page 358). He married on 26 Jul 1916, in Johnson Co., Ill., Nannie HOWARD, who was born 23 Nov 1897 in Brookport, Massac Co., Ill., the daughter of Richard and Mildred YOUNG HOWARD (Marriage Book I page 48).

Richard HOWARD married on 24 Dec 1894, in Pope Co., Ill., Mildred YOUNG (Book A-1 page 203).

Lee preceded Nannie in death. Nannie died 14 Jun 1931, in Saline Co., Ill. (Death Book 8 page 361).

(b) William Floyd CHAVIS was born in February 1894 in Illinois. This may be the same person as Floyd CHAVIS born about 1897 in Illinois, who was a coal miner on the 1920 and 1930 censuses of Harrisburg, Saline Co., Ill. His wife was Ada or "Addie" WILLIAMS CHAVIS, born about 1900 in Illinois, the daughter of William L. and Sarah WILLIAMS. They were living with Ada’s parents on Poplar Street in 1920. His children were Hugo born about 1920, Thomas born about 1922, and Mary Kathyrn born about 1925. In 1930 they lived on South Street in Harrisburg.

(c) Bertha May CHAVIS was born in May 1896 in Illinois.

(c) William Franklin "Billie" CHAVIS was born 15 Sep 1903, in Vienna, Johnson Co., Ill. (Birth Book 9 page 30). He married on 1 Sep 1926, in Johnson Co., Ill., Mrs. Grenada BUFFORD, who was born in 1903 in Illinois. Witnesses to their marriage were Floyd CHAVIS and Sampie CHAVIS.

On the 1920 census Billie was living with his mother and his occupation was listed as delivery boy for the meat market. In 1930 he and Grenada lived with his mother.

(d) Marion Audy CHAVIS was born 26 Aug 1909, in Vienna, Johnson Co., Ill., and died 15 Jul 1946, of syphilis at the Anna State Hospital, Union Co., Ill. He married on 10 Jun 1936, in Johnson Co., Ill., Mrs. Sarah Elizabeth SCOTT, who was born in 1910, the daughter of Jim and Olive SUTTON SCOTT (Marriage Book J page 318). Sarah had been married once before her marriage to Audy.

(9) Joseph "Joe" CHAVIS was born in January 1870 in Illinois and married on 15 Feb 1896, in Saline Co., Ill., at the house of J.H. WORLDS, Arizona "Zona" BURGESS, who was born in October 1879 in Indiana (or Carmi, Ill.), the daughter of Julius and Lucinda BREWINGTON BURGESS.

Zona married 2nd on 24 Apr 1909, in Union Co., Ill., William P. "Billy" ELDER, who was born 5 Mar 1884 in Cobden, Union Co., Ill., the son of William and Belle MITCHELL ELDER. William P. was a laborer in Cobden when they married. William ELDER was born 4 Aug 1852, in Clarksville, Montgomery Co., Tenn., died 11 Dec 1937, in Cobden, Union Co., Ill., of apoplexy, and is buried in Cobden Cemetery. He was the son of Alexander ELDER. William married on 28 Jul 1880, in Union Co., Ill.Belle MITCHELL, who was born in September 1863 in Overton Co., Tenn. Belle was the daughter of William Penn and Susan (MITCHELL) MITCHELL. They had Flora born Jan 1881, William "Billy" ELDER born in1884, Robert F. born Dec 1885, Arthur born Mar 1889, Bessie ELDER born Jul 1891 (was living with her grandmother, Susan DENT, in 1910 and working in the box factory in Cobden --household 197), and Mabel born Feb 1895.

A sister of Belle was Virginia "Jennie" MITCHELL, who was born about 1866 in Jackson Co Tenn. Her mother, Susan MITCHELL, gave her permission to marry Dillard BURTON on 19 Jun 1882, in Union County, but the marriage never occurred. Dillard was born about 1852 in Tennessee and was a farm laborer living with George and Fannie MITCHELL in 1880 in Cobden (household 313-323). Jennie married on 19 Jan 1883, in Union County, Benjamin GLASPER, who was born about 1855 in Jackson, Miss., the son of Robert and ____ (HERD) GLASPER. Their first child was a son, born 17 Jan 1884, in Cobden. Mary GLASPER, their sixth child, was born 3 Jun1894, in Cobden, and was living in Cobden in 1910, household 197, with her grandmother, Susan DENT, and working in the box factory.

On the 1870 census of Anna Precint (household 155) is Charles and Esther MITCHELL. Charles was a farmer, born in 1830 in Tennessee and his wife, Esther, was born in October 1832 in Tennessee. Their daughter Susan MITCHELL was born 10 Jan 1844, in Gainsborough, Tenn., and died 29 Dec 1929, in Cobden and was buried in Cobden Cemetery. Susan married about 1890 Aaron "Ned" DENT born 10 Mar 1834, in Alabama, died 10 May 1924, in Union County of senile degeneration. They had a daughter, Mary DENT, who was born in June 1893. Aaron was previously married on 16 May 1869, in Union County, to Henrietta YOUNG. (Aaron was a teamster and lived in Anna in 1870 with his wife Henrietta and two stepchildren, Alfred YOUNG born in 1865 and Estella "Tudy" YOUNG born in 1867. Alfred died 1 May 1886 in Cobden and was buried in Cobden Cemetery. "He was born and raised here (Anna) and for several years was the only youthful representative of his name in our city.--8 May 1886 Jonesboro Gazette.) Another child on the census with them in 1870 was George MITCHELL, who was born about 1852 in Tennessee and married 21 May 1874, in Union County Fannie TRICE, who was born about 1854 in Virginia, probably the daughter of Secherd and Sophia TRICE on the 1880 census of Cobden. (Their children on the 1880 census of Cobden, household 313, were: Maria E. born 1874, Charles L. born in 1876, and Louesa born in 1878). Clarissa WILLIAMSON, born about 1851 in Tennessee and Emily LANGFORD born about 1848 in Tennessee are also living with Charles and Esther.

Susan MITCHELL, the daughter of Charles and Esther MITCHELL, was the mother of Belle. It seems likely that her husband, William P. MITCHELL, died before 1870. Children of Ann on the census were Bell, Virginia, and Isaac "Frank", who was born about 1869 in Tennessee. Susan was head of the household in 1880 in Cobden (household311), although Charles and Easter lived with her.

Charles MITCHELL died before 1900 and Esther is listed on that census (household 192) in the village of Cobden, as a widow, the mother of four children, of whom two were living. The following grandchildren were living with her: Charley MITCHELL born Sep 1884, Melvin born May 1890, Permelia born Jan 1895, and Sampson W. born Jan 1899.

William ELDER married 2nd on 27 Jan 1905, in Cobden, Union Co., Ill., Mrs. Lucinda BREWINGTON BURGESS, who was born in February 1861 in Tennessee, the daughter of Alexander and Sally HUDDLESTON BREWINGTON (or BRUINTON). Lucinda died 17 Aug 1932, in Cobden, Union Co., Ill. of valvular heart disease and was buried in Cobden Cemetery.

Julius BURGESS was born about 1855 in White Co., Tenn., and was the son of Sam and Mary "Polly" BURGESS. Julius's brother, William H. BURGESS, married Nancy BREWINGTON, the daughter of Ann BREWINGTON of White Co., Tenn.

In 1880, Belle MITCHELL was working as a domestic servant. In 1900 (household 195) William and Belle ELDER were living in Cobden, where they rented a home. He was working as a day laborer. Their children were: Flora, born January 1881, died young; William Jr., born November 1884; Robert F. born December 1885; Arthur born March 1889, died young; Bessie born July 1891, and married a GREEN; and Mabel born February 1895, died young.

When the 1900 census was taken, Joe and Zona CHAVIS were living on South Main Street in Carbondale, Jackson Co., Ill. (E.D. 18, sheet 3, line 42).

Arizona BURGESS CHAVIS's brother, William BURGESS, was born about 1893 in Carrier Mills, Ill. He lived in Cobden when he married on 11 Jun 1916, in Union Co., Ill., Lucy ELDER, who was born about 1900 in Cobden, Ill., the daughter of Monroe and Minnie ELDER ELDER.

Monroe ELDER was accused of bastardy by Mary MARVOY on 30 May 1887, in Union County. She claimed before Hugh ANDREWS, a police magistrate in Anna, that she gave birth to a male child on 11 Aug 1885, in Cobden, and that Monroe was the father. Monroe was arrested and he and J.B.B. BROADWAY posted $200 bond on 4 Jun 1887. ELDER said he feared and believed he could not have a fair and impartial trial before ANDREWS and a change of venue was given to Reuben ROLAND, the next nearest justice. The case never went to trial, as Mary MARBLE (spelled MARVOY in earlier records) agreed to dismiss the suit on 31 Aug 1887, and release all claims against Monroe in respect to her child for $20 paid her by Monroe.

Monroe L. ELDER was born in August 1859 in Tennessee, and married Ella RILEY on 5 Jun 1882, in Union Co., Ill. He was born about 1859 in Clarksville, Tenn., the son of Hanons and Ellen ELDER. Ellen ELDER was born about 1842 in Tennessee and was a widow at the time of the 1880 census in Cobden (household 208-217). Brother of Monroe L. were Reuben (born about 1854 in Tennessee) and Joseph ELDER (bornabout 1866). Ella was born July 1865 in Movendeth, Ill., daughter of William and Martha (PARKER) RILEY. Her name is recorded as Lucy C. RILEY when their first child, Minthy ELDER, was born 11 Oct 1882, in Cobden. Other children of Monroe and Ella were Ellen ELDER was born Oct 1884 (1900 census, Cobden, 211-217 and had three children born out of wedlock: Lucie in 1902, Earnest on 10 Nov 1906, in Cobden, and Alma in 1909).

William and Arizona ELDER had a daughter, Fay ELDER, who was born in 1910 in Cobden, Ill. William was then working at the box mill.

(a) Ione Fay CHAVIS was born in October 1899 in Illinois.

(10) Charles F. "Charlie" CHAVIS was born in May 1872 in Illinois. He was a day laborer living in the household of Matilda ROLAND in Cobden in 1900.

He married Dora B. AUSTON, who was born in 1879 in Illinois. They are on the 1920 census of Grand Tower, Jackson Co., Ill. (household 189/185). Charles is recorded as a mulatto, as were his children, but Dora was recorded as black. His occupation was a laborer.

Charles and Dora are also on the 1930 census of Grand Tower, Jackson Co., Ill. (household 213). His occupation was farm laborer.

(a) Charles L. CHAVOUS was born in 1901 in Illinois.

(b) Roy CHAVOUS was born 7 Jun 1902 in Cobden, Illinois (Birth Register 3 p 21).

(c) Delmer M. CHAVOUS was born in 1907 in Illinois.

(d) Marshall J. CHAVOUS was born in 1908 in Illinois.

(e) Harold L. CHAVOUS was born in 1910 in Illinois.

(f) Patience C. (Elizabeth) CHAVOUS was born in 1912 in Illinois.

(g) William F. CHAVOUS was born in 1915 in Illinois.

(h) Robert V. CHAVOUS was born in 1917 in Illinois.

(i) John H. CHAVOUS was born in 1919 in Illinois.

(j) Clarence CHAVOUS was born in 1922 in Jackson Co., Ill.

(11) Leyerge (Lycurgus?) CHAVIS was born about 1876 in Illinois.

 

The children of Arthur and Patience HAWLEY ALLEN:

1. Littleberry ALLEN was born about 1815 probably in Northampton Co., N.C., and died in 1854 in Union Co., Ill. No marriage record for Littleberry can be found, but his share of his mother's estate was inherited by his heirs, so he might have had a wife or children living in 1854. Otherwise, his heirs would have been his brothers and sisters, with his half sister, Elizabeth, probably receiving a smaller share.

On the 1810 (page 122), 1820 (page 90) and 1830 (page 331) census of Henrico Co., Va., appears the name Littleberry ALLEN, a white man. Littleberry of Henrico County died before 1840 and his son, Littleberry Jr., who was born about 1806 in Virginia, moved to Boone Co., Ky., by 1850 and shows on the census there (household 143). It is not known if there is a family connection with the Littleberry of Henrico County and the Arthur ALLEN family of Union Co., Ill., but because Littleberry is an unusual name, a family connection seems possible. A more likely explanation of the name is that Littleberry originated from Asberry, a common name in the ALLEN family.

Littleberry ALLEN patented from the government 40 acres near his father, Arthur, in the southwest quarter of the southeast quarter of section 13, township 12 south, range 1 east and paid $50 for his land on 4 Jun 1840.

Littleberry paid 82cents in taxes in 1846 in Union County for horses worth $50, cattle worth $14, a cart worth $6 and other personal property worth $85. He paid 31cents in taxes in 1847 for cattle worth $25 and $15 worth of other personal property.

On 3 Mar 1845, the Illinois Legislature approved a law which stated that "any black, colored or mulatto man and white woman, and any white man and black, colored or mulatto woman, who shall live together in an open state of adultery or fornication, or adultery and fornication, shall be indicted, and on conviction, severally fined, in any sum not exceeding five hundred dollars, and confined in the penitentiary for a term not exceeding one year. For the second offence, the punishment shall be doubled; third, trebeled, and in the same ratio for each succeeding offence."

Littleberry ALLEN and Harriet SAMMONS were charged with adultery and fornication on 20 Sep 1847, in Union County. The charges continued on the books until 23 Apr 1849, when the 24-year-old state's attorney, F